This document provides information on Islamic architecture in India, beginning with the rise of Islam under Qutub-ud-din Aibak in 1206. It discusses important rulers of the Delhi Sultanate like Iltutmish and Razia Sultan. It describes architectural structures built during this period like the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, and Alai Darwaza. It also covers architectural developments under the Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties, highlighting structures such as Tughlaqabad Fort and tombs of sultans. The document thus summarizes the emergence and evolution of Islamic architecture in India over different

1. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA

2. rise of islam in india
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTEDWHEN QUTUB-UD-DINAIBUKTHE SLAVE OF
MUHAMMAD GHORIWHO CAMETO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN
1206.BEFORETHIS HE WAS JUSTTHE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS
EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN)TO THEYAMUNA AND GANGES
PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOURYEARSWHEN HE DIED IN AN
ACCIDENT IN 1210.
THE DYNASTY BEGINNING FROM HIM CAMETO BE KNOWN AS SLAVE OR
MAMLUK DYNASTY.THISWASTHE STARTING OF DELHI SULTANATE.
HE STARTEDTHE CONSTRUCTIONWORK OF QUTUB MINARWHICH WAS
LATER COMPLETED BY HIS SUCCESSOR IN ILTUTMISH.
HE BUILTTHE FIRST MOSQUE OF INDIA QWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE.
ANOTHER FAMOUS MONUMENT OF HISTIME IS ‘ALAI DIN KA JHONPRA’ IN
AJMER.

3. important rulers of delhi
sultanate
QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK(1206-1210)
STARTED QUTUB MINAR
QWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE
ALAI DIN KA JOPRA
SHAMS-UD-DIN ILTUTMISH(1211-1236)
COMPLETED QUTUB MINAR
HAUZ-I-SHAMSI(HAUZ KHAS)
SULTAN GHARI
RAZIA SULTAN(1236-1240)
FIRST FEMALE MUSLIM RULER OF INDIA

4. qutub complex
 THE QUTUB MINAR
 THE ALAI DARWAAZA
 THE IRON PILLAR
 THE QWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE

5. QUTUB MINAR
 IT’S BELIEVED THAT QUTUBUDDIN AIBUK STARTED IT
AND ILTUTMISH COMPLETED IT.IT’S ASSERTED SO
BECAUSE IT HAS THE NAME OF QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK
AND MOHAMMAD GHORI ON THE LOWEST STOREY
AND THE NAME OF ILTUTMISH ON THE NEXT THREE.
IT HASVARIETY OF FIVE STOREYS(ONE ORNAMENTED
WITH ALTERNATE ROUND AND ANGULAR FLUTING,THE
NEXT WITH ROUND,THE NEXT WITH ANGULAR,THE
NEXT PLANE AND THE LAST ONLY WITH MOULDED
COURSE.

6. FIRST 3 STOREYS ARE MADE OF RED SANDSTONE WHILE THE
4TH,5TH AND 6TH IS MADE OF MARBEL AND SANDSTONE.
IT IS 73mt.(240ft.) TALL.
DIAMETER OF 14.3 mt. AT THE BASE AND 2.7mt. AT THE PEAK.
IT HAS A CIRCULAR STAIRCASE OF 379 STEPS.
ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT INSCRIPTIONS ENGRAVED ON THE
TOWER IT WAS REPAIRED AT DIFFERENT OCCASSIONS BY FEROZ
SHAH TUGHLAQ AND SIKANDAR LODI WHEN NATURAL
CALAMITIES LIKE LIGHTNING AND EARTHQUAKE STRUCK THE
MINAR.
IT TILTS OVER 65cms FROM VERTICAL.

7. MODERN DAY PICTURE OF MAJESTIC THE QUTUB MINAR

8. IT HAS BEEN ASSERTED THAT IT STANDS HIGH
FROM THE ERA OF HINDU SUPREMACY AND
AFTERWARDS COVERED WITH TITLES OF
SULTANS AND VERSES FROM KURAN.
SOME SCHOLARS WHO SUPPORT THE ABOVE
STAND SAY THAT IT WAS A 7 STOREY PILLLAR
WHICH WAS USED FOR ASTRONOMICAL
PURPOSES.IT WAS DEDICATED TO LORD
VISHNU.
•

9. ALAI DARWAAZA

10. ENTRANCE
DOORWAY
RESTORED
PART
IN HATCHING

11. DETAILS OF
FIRST STOREY
BALCONY

12. QUTUB-UD-DIN’S GREAT SCREEN

13. CARVINGS ON THE SCREEN

14. ALAI DARWAAZA
IT IS A MAIN GATEWAY FROM SOUTHERN SIDE OF THE QUWWAT -UL-
ISLAM MOSQUE.
IT WAS BUILT BY ALA -UD-DIN KHILJI IN 1311 AD.
IT IS DECORATE WITH RED SANDSTONE AND INLAID WHITE MARBLE
DECORATION.
IT IS CONSIDER THE FIRST BUILDING IN INDIA TO EMPLOY ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE PRINCIPLE IN ITS CONSTRUCTION AND
ORNAMENTATION.
IT HAS EXCELLENT PROPORTION AND SIMPLE COMPOSITION, WITH
PIERCED CENTRAL OPENING ECHOING AT THE CONTOUR OF THE
COVERING DOME.
IT STANDS TALL AT AN HEIGHT OF 47 ft.

16. the iron pillar
IT IS APERFECT EXAMPLE OF THE GRANDEOUR OF HINDU CIVILIZATION IN
THE 4th CENTURY A.D. TO WELD MALLEABLE IRON ON SO AMBITIOUS A
SCALE.
IT IS A 7 mt(23ft.) HIGH PILLAR IN THE QUTUB COMPLEX , NOTABLE FOR ITS
RUST RESISTANT COMPOSITION.
IT WEIGHS OVER 6,000 kg.
THE PILLARS ’ LOWER DIAMETER IS 420 mm AND ITS UPPER DIAMETER IS 306
mm.
IT IS CONSIDER TO HAVE BEEN ERECTED ORIGINALLY AS A STANDARD TO
SUPPORT THE IMAGE OF GARAUDA, THE VEHICLE OF VISHNU.
IT HAS SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION IN GUPTA CHARACTERS OF THE 4 th
CENTURY A.D.

17. THE IRON PILLAR

18. QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE
 ITWASTHE FIRST MOSQUE OF INDIA BUILT BY QUTUB-UD-DIN
AIBUK.
 THIS MOSQUEWAS BUILT BY ESSEMBLINGTHE RUINS OF 27
HINDU AND JAINTEMPLES DESTROYED BY THIS RULER.
 THE MOSQUE MEASURES ABOUT 214 ft. BY 149 ft. EXTERNALLY.
 THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE MOSQUE HAS A
ACCOMODATION FORTHE ZANANA.
 THE COLOUMNS USE INTHE MOSQUE HAVE HINDU CARVINGS
WHICHWERE PLASTEREDTO HIDETHEIR ORIGIN.WHENTHAT
PLASTERWITHEREDWITHTIMETHENTHE REALITY CAME INTO
LIGHT.

19. THE INTERIORS AND EXTERIORS•
OF THE MOSQUE
COLOUMNS OF HINDU AND JAIN•
TEMPLES CAN BE SEEN.

20. EXCAVATED STONES SHOWING FIGURES OF INDIAN DIETIES

21. THE TWO SIDES OF A STONE PIECE
REVEALS THAT HOW THE HINDU
CARVINGS WERE HIDDEN BY
INSCRIBING ISLAMIC TEXTS ON
THE OPPOSITE SIDE. AND
SHOWCASING THEM ON THE
EXTERIORS OF THEIR MODIFIED
MONUMENTS.

23. iltutmish tomb
IT IS SITUATED IMMEDIATELY WEST OF HIS OWN
NORTHERN EXTENSION OF THE MOSQUE.
IT IS IN THE FORM OF A SIMPLE SQUARE CHAMBER
WHICH HAD A CIRCULAR DOME ABOVE IT, CARRIED
ON A FORM OF SQUINCH-ARCH.
THE WHOLE INTERIOR SURFACES BOTH THE WALLS
AND ROOF HAVE QURANIC INSCRIPTIONS ON THEM.
SOME INSCRIPTIONS ON THE WALLS THROWS LIGHT
ON THEIR HINDU INFLUENCE.

25. khilji dynasty
THE KHILJI DYNASTY CAME INTO POWER AFTER THE
SLAVE DYNASTY GOT WEAK .THEY RULED BETWEEN
1290-1320 AD.
THEY ARE CREDITED WITH THE EARLY INDO-
MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE,WHICH IS ALSO
KNOWN AS SARSCENIC STYLE.
IT IS SAID THAT ALAI DARWAAZA WAS COMPLETED
DURING THEIR REIGN.THEY ALSO MADE EXTENSIONS
TO THE QUWWATUL-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE.

26. TUGHLUQ DYNASTY
THEY RULED AFTER THE KHILJIS ’ WITHERED AWAY IN
1320. THEY RULED TILL 1413.
THEIR FIRST RULER WAS GHIYATH -AL-DIN TUGHLUQ.
THEIR EMPIRE GOT EXTENDED TO THE SOUTH INDIA
ALSO.THEIR RULE WITH MARKED WITH TORTURE AND
CRUELTY.
THE SECOND RULER WAS MOHAMMAD -BIN-TUGHLUQ
.(1325-1351)
THE LAST IMPORTANT RULER OF THE DYNASTY WAS
FEROZ SHAH TUGHLUQ.(1351-1388)

27. IMPORTANT BUILDINGS OF
TUGHLUQ DYNASTY
TUGHLUQABAD FORT, DELHI
TOMB OF GHIYATH -AL-DIN TUGHLUQ
TOMB OF FIROZ SHAH TUGHLUQ

28. architecture in tughluq
dynasty
THE ARCHITECTURE DURING THE TUGHLUQS WAS VERY
DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THEIR PREDESSESORS.THEIR
BUILDINGS HAD A VERY RUDE FORM WHICH WAS ROUGH
AND UNADORNED.
THE COLOUR OF THE PLASTER IS DARK AND FORBIDDING.
THE DIFFERENCE IN BUILDING STYLE CAN BE NOTICED FROM
FIROZ SHAH AND HIS PREDESSESORS’ TIME.
FIROZ SHAH TUGHLUQ WAS MORE PEACE LOVING AND A
CHEERFUL MONARCH WHO ADORNED BUILDINGS.

29. tughluqabad fort
 THIS FORTWAS BUILT BY GHIYAS-UD-DINTUGHLUQ IN 1321.
 ITWAS ANDONED IN 1327 AFTER A CURSE BY A LOCAL SAINT.
 THE FORT CONSISTS OF REMARKABLE , MASSIVE STONE
FORTIFICATIONSTHAT SARROUNDTHE IRREGULAR GROUND
PLAN OF THE CITY.THEWALLSWERE SLOPINGTHATWERE
MADE OF RUBBLE MASONARY.
 THE FORT CITY IS BELIEVEDTO HAVE 52 GATES OF WHICH
ONLY 13 ARE LEFT NOW. IT CONTAINED 7 RAINWATERTANKS.

30.  TUGHLUQABAD IS DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS :
1. THEWIDER CITY AREAWHERE HOUSESWERE BUILT ALONG A
RECTENGULAR GRID BETWEENTHE GATES.
2. THE FORT HAS A TOWER AT ITS HIGHEST POINT KNOWN AS BIJAI-
MANDAL WITH A LONG UNDERGROUND PASSAGE.
3. THE ADJACENT PALACE AREA CONTAINING THE ROYAL
RESIDENCES.

31. TUGHLAQABAD FORT
NEW DELHI

32. TOMB OF GHIYATH-UD-DIN
TUGHLUQ
THIS TOMB IS IN THE TUGHLUQABAD FORTESS . IT WAS
CONSTRUCTED IN 1325 AND IS BUILT OF RED SANDSTONE
AND WHITE MARBLE .
IT HAS A DOME OF WHITE MARBLE.
THE SQUARE SHAPE TOMB IS IN THE CENTER OF A
PENTAGONAL ENCLOSURE WITH HIGH WALLS SLOPING AT
75̊̊.
THERE ARE ENTRANCES ON THE NORTH, EAST AND SOUTH
SIDES.
NO MINARS CAN BE SEEN IN THE SURROUNDING

33. TOMB OF GHIYATH-UD-DIN TUGHLUQ
TUGHLUQABAD FORT
NEW DELHI

34. the tomb of firoz shah
tughluq
THE TOMB IS LOCATED IN HAUS KHAS, CLOSE TO THE TANK
BUILT BY KHILJI.
ATTACH TO THE TOMB IS A MADRASA BUILT BY FIROZ SHAH
IN 1352-1353.
THE TOMB IS SQUARE IN PLAN, HEAVY AND MASSIVE IN
APPEARANCE WITH PLAIN CEMENTED WALL.
THE LOWER CURVES OF THE DOME ARCHES ARE DECORATED
WITH INTERSECTING COLOUR BANDS.
IT HAS PAVED VARANDAH, ENCLOSED BY BUDDHIST STONE
RALLINGS LIKE THAT FOUND IN SANCHI.

35. FIROZ SHAH TUGHLUQ
HAUS KHAS
NEW DELHI
TOMB OF

36. sayyid and lodhi dynasty
SAYYID DYNASTY WAS THE FORTH DYNASTY OF THE
DELHI SULTANATE,WHICH RULE BETWEEN 1414-1451.
LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526)
IT WAS FOUNDED BY BAHLUL KAHN LODHI (1451-
1489).
SIKANDER LODHI RULED BETWEEN 1489-1517.
IBRAHIM LODHI WAS THE LAST RULER OF THE DELHI
SULTANATE WAS DEFEATED BY BABUR INTHE FIRST
BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526.

37. LODHI GARDEN IN DELHI WHICH SYMBOLISES THE LODI DYNASTY

38. THE TOMB IS IN LODHI GARDEN DELHI

39. tomb of mohammad shah
sayyid
THIS TOMB IS LOCATED IN LODHI GARDENS IN NEW
DELHI.
THIS TOMB WAS BUILT IN 1444.
IT IS RIGOROUSLY PLAIN, IT GIVE AN IMPRESSION OF
RICHNESS WITH ITS OCTAGONAL FORM, EXTERIOR
COLONNADE OF PILLAR-BORNE ARCHES,DEEP
DRIPSTONE, LARGE KIOSKS AND SPECIOUS DOME.

40. ELEMENTS OF MOHMMAD SHAH SAYYID TOMB

41. STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS OF DOME STRUCTURE

42. types of arches in islamic
architecture