The document discusses functional groups and biochemical reactions. It defines functional groups as small reactive groups present in biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that determine a molecule's chemical properties. It provides examples of common functional groups like amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. It then discusses characteristic features of functional groups and six major types of biochemical reactions: condensation, hydrolysis, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in: cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in: cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
Cell structure, prokaryotice cell, eukaryotic cell, organization of the cellBiren Daftary
11th Std Maharashtra board Biology Syllabus: Organization of the cell. This is a powerpoint presentation to clear the doubts based on the basic concepts of the chapter. All the videos have their respective copyrights and copying or sharing of the powerpoint is not permitted.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Peptide chemists have a myriad of approaches available to optimize lead peptide structures for activity, potency and the desired selectivity for the target of interest. Thus multiple modifications and/or longer-range structural features (e.g. cyclization) are often necessary to obtain the desired stability. For example, while gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) already contains pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus and a C-terminal amide, clinically used analogs contain a D-amino acid at position 6 in the middle of the peptide to stabilize the peptides to metabolism as well as modified C-termini.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Presentation on Electrical Properties of Cell MembraneRubinaRoy1
Cell membrane has the characteristic property to receive stimulus and convey the message through electrical signals, itself getting depolarized and repolarized.
This PPT is on Amino acid metabolism. And the topics covered under this ppt are Transamination, deamination
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591608419&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Introduction
Definition
Classification of polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2-Heteropolysaccharides
What is heteropolysaccarides?
Type of heteropolysaccharides
Function of heteropolysaccharides
Conclusion
References
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
A lipid is chemically defined as a substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Lipids are an important component of living cells. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are the main constituents of plant and animal cells. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.
Cell structure, prokaryotice cell, eukaryotic cell, organization of the cellBiren Daftary
11th Std Maharashtra board Biology Syllabus: Organization of the cell. This is a powerpoint presentation to clear the doubts based on the basic concepts of the chapter. All the videos have their respective copyrights and copying or sharing of the powerpoint is not permitted.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Peptide chemists have a myriad of approaches available to optimize lead peptide structures for activity, potency and the desired selectivity for the target of interest. Thus multiple modifications and/or longer-range structural features (e.g. cyclization) are often necessary to obtain the desired stability. For example, while gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) already contains pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus and a C-terminal amide, clinically used analogs contain a D-amino acid at position 6 in the middle of the peptide to stabilize the peptides to metabolism as well as modified C-termini.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Presentation on Electrical Properties of Cell MembraneRubinaRoy1
Cell membrane has the characteristic property to receive stimulus and convey the message through electrical signals, itself getting depolarized and repolarized.
This PPT is on Amino acid metabolism. And the topics covered under this ppt are Transamination, deamination
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591608419&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Introduction
Definition
Classification of polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2-Heteropolysaccharides
What is heteropolysaccarides?
Type of heteropolysaccharides
Function of heteropolysaccharides
Conclusion
References
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
An attempt to make the description of chemical reactions a mini-story. Not the best story by any means, but it was pretty well received by the students.
Introduction
Drug Metabolizing Enzyme
Chemical Pathway of Drug Biotransformation
Phase I reaction
Phase II Reaction
Isoniazide & Phenacetin Metabolism
Factors Affecting Metabolism
Structural diagrams,condensed structures and line structures of hydrocarbons.How to identify a substance as Organic and inorganic ?.How to classify hydrocarbons? What is the difference between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes?
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. What are biomolecules?
The small reactive groups
present in carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids are known as
functional groups.
www.biologyqa.com
2. Name Formula Present in Example
Amino -NH2 Amino
acids
Types of functional groups
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3. Name Formula Present in Example
Carbonyl -C=O Aldehydes
and
Ketones
Acetaldehyde
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4. Name Formula Present in Example
Carboxyl -COOH Organic
acids
Acetic acid
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8. •Most functional groups are polar.
•Most functional groups are ionic.
•Functional groups are soluble in water due to their
polarity.
•Functional groups have higher forces of attractions.
•The non polar portion of biomolecules is chemically
unreactive.
•Some functional groups act as acids by donating a
proton. e.g. carboxyl groups (COOH) can release a proton
to become COO-.
•Some functional groups act as bases by attracting a
proton. e.g. Amino group(NH2) can attract a H+ ion to
become NH3
+.
What are characteristic features of functional groups?
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9. Types of biochemical reactions
All biochemical reactions involve
breaking or making of chemical
bonds. Thousands of biochemical
reactions occur inside a cell. There
are six major types of reactions
that are common in biological
processes.
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10. 1. Condensation or dehydration reactions: The
removal of H and OH groups from two different
reactants to make a water molecule is known as
condensation or dehydration. This reaction is
commonly used to join smaller molecules into
large macro molecules.
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11. 2. Hydrolysis: In hydrolysis reaction, water
acts as a reactant to split a larger molecules
into smaller molecules. The H and OH groups
are attached to two products that are formed
after reaction.
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12. 3. Neutralization: When a reaction
involves an acid and base to
produce salt and water, it is known as
neutralization.
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O
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13. 4. Oxidation: Loss of one or more
electrons from an atom or
molecule is known as oxidation.
NADH→NAD++e-
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14. 5. Reduction: Gain of one or more
electrons by an atom or molecule is
known as reduction.
NAD++e-→NADH
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15. 6. Redox reaction: A chemical
reaction where electrons lost by
one atom are gained by another
atom.
Cl2+NaI→NaCl+I2
0 +1 -1 +1 -1 0
Oxidation
Reduction
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