what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part TwoAhmad V.Kashani
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
. INTRODUCTION
Insecticides are chemicals specifically designed to kill or control insect populations. They are widely used in agriculture, public health, and other industries to protect crops, livestock, and human health from insect-related damage and diseases. Once applied, insecticides undergo various metabolic processes in insects, which can affect their effectiveness and potential environmental impact.
The metabolism of insecticides in insects involves several key mechanisms:
1. Absorption: Insecticides can enter an insect's body through various routes, such as ingestion, contact with the exoskeleton, or inhalation. The mode of entry depends on the formulation and application method of the insecticide.
2. Phase I metabolism: In this initial phase, insecticides are often transformed by enzymes into more polar compounds through processes such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These metabolic reactions aim to make the insecticides more water-soluble and facilitate their elimination from the body.
3. Phase II metabolism: Once insecticides undergo phase I metabolism, they may be further conjugated with endogenous compounds such as sugars, amino acids, or glutathione. Conjugation reactions increase the water solubility of the insecticides even more, making them easier to excrete from the insect's body.
4. Detoxification mechanisms: Insects have developed various enzymatic systems to break down insecticides and render them less toxic. For example, insects possess enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases, which are involved in the detoxification of many insecticides. These enzymes can modify the chemical structure of insecticides, making them less harmful to the insect.
5. Excretion: Once metabolized, insecticides and their metabolites are eliminated from the insect's body. This process generally occurs through excretory organs such as Malpighian tubules, which function similarly to the kidneys in vertebrates. Insecticides and their metabolites can be excreted in the faeces, urine, or through other excretory pathways.
Microsomal oxidation refers to a type of metabolic reaction that occurs in the microsomes, which are subcellular organelles found in cells. Microsomes contain various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for catalyzing oxidative reactions in the body.
A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including pesticides, toxins, and foreign substances. These enzymes play a crucial role in the oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of various molecules, making them more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.
B. Microsomal oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes involves the addition of an oxygen atom to a substrate molecule, resulting in the oxidation of the substrate.
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part TwoAhmad V.Kashani
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
. INTRODUCTION
Insecticides are chemicals specifically designed to kill or control insect populations. They are widely used in agriculture, public health, and other industries to protect crops, livestock, and human health from insect-related damage and diseases. Once applied, insecticides undergo various metabolic processes in insects, which can affect their effectiveness and potential environmental impact.
The metabolism of insecticides in insects involves several key mechanisms:
1. Absorption: Insecticides can enter an insect's body through various routes, such as ingestion, contact with the exoskeleton, or inhalation. The mode of entry depends on the formulation and application method of the insecticide.
2. Phase I metabolism: In this initial phase, insecticides are often transformed by enzymes into more polar compounds through processes such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These metabolic reactions aim to make the insecticides more water-soluble and facilitate their elimination from the body.
3. Phase II metabolism: Once insecticides undergo phase I metabolism, they may be further conjugated with endogenous compounds such as sugars, amino acids, or glutathione. Conjugation reactions increase the water solubility of the insecticides even more, making them easier to excrete from the insect's body.
4. Detoxification mechanisms: Insects have developed various enzymatic systems to break down insecticides and render them less toxic. For example, insects possess enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases, which are involved in the detoxification of many insecticides. These enzymes can modify the chemical structure of insecticides, making them less harmful to the insect.
5. Excretion: Once metabolized, insecticides and their metabolites are eliminated from the insect's body. This process generally occurs through excretory organs such as Malpighian tubules, which function similarly to the kidneys in vertebrates. Insecticides and their metabolites can be excreted in the faeces, urine, or through other excretory pathways.
Microsomal oxidation refers to a type of metabolic reaction that occurs in the microsomes, which are subcellular organelles found in cells. Microsomes contain various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for catalyzing oxidative reactions in the body.
A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including pesticides, toxins, and foreign substances. These enzymes play a crucial role in the oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of various molecules, making them more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body.
B. Microsomal oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes involves the addition of an oxygen atom to a substrate molecule, resulting in the oxidation of the substrate.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis
• All the living organism require energy to carry out their
different activities of life for this energy is needed which
comes by the oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, fat similar
to green plant ,these have certain chlorophyll containing
compound which synthesis food from simple carbon dioxide,
water.
• Photosynthesis in bacteria defined as the synthesis of the
carbohydrate by the chlorophyll in the presence of similar
compound such as carbon dioxide and reductanct taken from
the air and oxygen does not evolve as a product
• 2H2A+CO2----------------------(CH2O)x+2A+2H2O
3. • All the photosynthetic bacteria are classified into
the 35 groups.The group 10 contain anoxygenic
phototrophic bacteria whlie 11 belongs to
oxygenic phototropic bacteria .
• The anoxygenic group has purple and green
while oxygenic contain the
sulphur bacteria
cyanobacteria .
• Another type of oxygenic bacteria under
bridge between
prochlorphyta .Its acts as a
cyanophyta and chlorophyta
4. Chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is a complex molecule .several modification of
chlorophyll occur among plant and other photosynthetic
organism .All photosynthetic organism have chlorophyll a and
accessory pigment.
• Accessory pigment contain chlorophyll b, c ,d and e
,Xanthophyll and carotenoids. It absorb energy from different
wavelength such as Voilet-blue, reddish ,orange –red etc.
• All chlorophyll molecule contain a lipid soluble hydrocarbon
tail (C20H39) and a flat hydrophyllic head with a magnesium
ion at its centre
5. Stage of photosynthesis
• When chlorophyll absorb light energy ,an electron gain energy
and exicted .The excited electron is transferred to another
molecule (called primary electron acceptor)
• The chlorophyll molecule is oxidized (loss of electron) and has
a positive charge .Photoactivation of chlorophyll results a
splitting of the water molecule and transfer of energry to ATP
and NADP+
• The chemical reaction include condensation reaction
responsible for water molecule splitting out including
phosphorylation**, oxidation ,reduction involving electron
transfer chain
• **Phosphorylation –The addition of phosphate group to an
organic compound
6. Types of photosynthesis
• There are two types of photosynthesis
1. Anoxygenic Photosynthesis -phototrophic bacteria H2O is not oxidized and
O2 is not produced, and thus the process is called anoxygenic
photosynthesis.
CO2+2H2A+Light--[CH20]+2A
Example-Purple bacteria
H2A=H2O,H2S,H2 etc.
2. Oxygenic Photosynthesis-The oxidation of H2O produces molecular oxygen
(O2) as a by-product. Because O2 is produced, photosynthesis in these
organisms is called oxygenic photosynthesis.
6CO2+12 H2O+light-----C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
Example-Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria
7. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
• It is type of photosynthesis process which
frequently occurs in the microorganism which
are mostly found in aquatic habitat . This
reaction does not involve production of
oxygen.
• Sulfur is used as a reducing agent during the
process in green sulfur bacteria and purple
bacteria
8. Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
• Some photosynthetic bacteria can use light energy to extract
electrons from molecules other than water.
• These organisms are of ancient origin, presumed to have evolved
before oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
• Anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms occur in the domain Bacteria
and have representatives in four phyla – Purple-Sulphur Bacteria,
Purple non- Sulphur Bacteria, Green-Sulfur Bacteria, Green non-
Sulfur Bacteria.
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis depends on electron donors such as
reduced sulphur compounds, molecular hydrogen or organic
compounds.
• They are found in fresh water, brackish water, marine and hypersaline
water.
• Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria have been divided into three
groups on the basis of pigmentation: purple bacteria, green bacteria
and heliobacteria.
9. Oxygenic photosynthesis
• During this process ,light energy transfer electron from water
to carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrate .In this reaction the
carbon dioxide is reduced or receive the electron and water
become oxidised or losses electron .Ultimately oxygen is
produced along with carbohydrate.
• 6CO2+12 H2O+light----C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
• This is a two stage process
1. Light dependent reaction
2. Light independent reaction
10. • 1-Light dependent reaction-This is a series of reaction which
occurs in the grana of chloroplast and require direct energy
from the sulight .Light energy is trapped for the ATP synthesis
at some time water is photolysed in to Oxygen and Hydrogen
ion and free electron carrier.
2H2O 4H++O2+4e-
• 2-Light Independent reaction – A light independent reaction
is a series of reaction in the stroma of chloroplast .It help to
make the carbohydrate from carbon dioxide molecule by
reduction process .
11. • In contrast to electron flow in anoxygenic phototrophs,
electron flow in oxygenic phototrophs proceeds
through two distinct but interconnected series of light
reactions.
• The two light systems are called photosystem I and
photosystem II, each photosystem having a spectrally
distinct form of reaction center chlorophyll a.
• Photosystem I (PSI) chlorophyll, called P700, absorbs
light at long wavelengths (far red light), whereas PSII
chlorophyll, called P680, absorbs light at shorter
wavelengths (near red light).
• Oxygenic phototrophs use light to generate both ATP
and NADPH, the electrons for the latter arising from
the splitting of water into oxygen and electrons.
12. Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
• The Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria are
unicellular or multicellular and possess
bacteriochlorophyll a and carry out oxygenic
photosynthesis.
• They are mostly represented by gram-negative
cynobacteria.
• Carboxysomes and gas vesicles are present and
also show gliding movement.
• Photosynthesis is oxygenic and autotrophic.
• Photosynthates get accumulated in the form
ofglycogen.