This document provides background information on the oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone. It discusses the commercial importance of this reaction and how cyclohexanone is used to produce nylon. It then outlines safety considerations and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts like oxidation, reduction, and oxidizing/reducing agents. Finally, it gives the balanced reaction equation and describes the mechanism and solubility differences that allow the product to be isolated.
The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Reduction using catalytic hydrogenationScifySolution
Catalytic hydrogenation is one of the most convenient available for the reduction of organic compounds. compounds. The reduction is carried out easily by stirring or shaking the substrate with the catalyst in a suitable solvent
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
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Synthesis of Salicylic Acid, Organic Synthesis
Reduction using catalytic hydrogenationScifySolution
Catalytic hydrogenation is one of the most convenient available for the reduction of organic compounds. compounds. The reduction is carried out easily by stirring or shaking the substrate with the catalyst in a suitable solvent
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Synthesis of Salicylic Acid, Organic Synthesis
B.phram
Semester .4
Subject : Organic chemistry - III
Use as reference and also usable for examination prearation.
gtu afflitited phramacy college's student may using this ppt.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
1. Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual.
Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone
History and Application:
Oxidation reactions are incredibly important in the chemical and biochemical
sciences. Re-dox reactions are critical in the NADH-NAD+ couple with ATP which
provides energy to all cellsi
. The same reaction we are doing today, the transformation
of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, is a commercially important process. In large
chemical plants a catalytic dehydrogenation process is used instead of bleach.
This process was used to make 1.1 trillion pounds of cyclohexanone in the US in 1995.ii
BASF is the largest North American manufacturer. They have a large plant just outside
Houston in Freeport Texas iii
.
Most of the commercial cyclohexanone goes on to make an oxime (similar to a
later experiment in 2240), then it undergoes a rearrangement to form caprolactam which
is the starting material of Nylon 6.
Nylon-6 is one of the most widely used nylons in the world. This polymer goes into such
materials as nylon windbreakers, shoe strings, automobile components and automobile
tire cordiv
.
Safety considerations for this experiment:
Cyclohexanol is an irritant. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Glacial acetic acid is a dehydrating agent, an irritant, and causes burns. Handle
it with care and dispense it in a fume hood and avoid contact with skin,
eyes, and clothing.
Sodium hypochlorite solution emits chlorine gas, which is a respiratory and eye
irritant. Handle it with care, and dispense it in a fume hood.
Keep the reaction in the hood until all of the excess oxidizing agent has been
quenched with sodium thiosulfate.
1. Some terminology related to oxidation-reduction reactions:
2. Oxidation: In organic chemistry, increasing the oxygen content of an organic
molecule or decreasing its hydrogen content. Also creating a C-Z bond,
where Z is an element that is more electronegative than C such as N,
Halogen, etc. More generally, the process of removing electrons from a
substance.
Reduction: In organic chemistry, increasing the hydrogen content of an organic
molecule or decreasing its oxygen content. Also removing C-Z bonds.
More generally, the process of adding electrons to a substance.
Oxidizing agent: A substance that causes an oxidation by accepting one or more
electrons from a substrate. The oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction.
Reducing agent: A substance that causes a reduction by donating one or more
electrons to a substrate. The reducing agent is oxidized in the reaction.
Exothermic reaction: A reaction in which energy is released from the system as
the reaction proceeds (–ΔH). Typically the reaction container heats up as
the reaction proceeds.
Endothermic reaction: A reaction in which energy is absorbed into the system as
the reaction proceeds (+ΔH). Typically the reaction container cools as the
reaction proceeds.
Solubility: The amount of one material that will dissolve in a liquid. Typically
solubility is discussed as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent.
Something is soluble when 3 or more grams of it will dissolve in 100 g of a
solvent. v
Insoluble is defined as less than 0.001g of material will dissolve
in 100 g of solvent. Slightly and sparingly soluble are in between these
levels.
2. The balanced equation for the cyclohexanol oxidation with NaOCl is:
3. Reagents used in this experiment are:
Sodium hypochlorite: NaClO, Bleach solution. This is the oxidizing agent.
Acetic Acid, CH3CO2H. This further activates the sodium hypochlorite and forms
hypochlorous acid.
Sodium thiosulfate: Na2S2O3, is a reducing agent that reacts with and quenches
any remaining oxidizing agent.
Sodium Sulfate: Na2SO4, a drying agent. This removes the residual water from
the organic product.
Sodium bicarbonate or Sodium hydrogen carbonate: NaHCO3. This is baking
soda. This is a weak base which neutralizes any remaining acetic acid.
Sodium Chloride, NaCl, table salt. This reduces the solubility of the organic
product in the aqueous phase thus increasing the amount of product
isolated.
3. Potassium iodide-starch test paper: indicates the presence of oxidizing agents by
the formation of a colored I2-starch complex, as shown here:
4. Ordinary household bleach is the source of the oxidizing agent, NaOCl. Most
bleaches are prepared by the addition of chlorine gas to aqueous sodium
hydroxide, as shown here:
Bleach is an approximately 0.74 M solution of Sodium hypochlorite in water.
5. The acetic acid is a catalyst which transforms the sodium hypochlorite into
hyprochlorous acid, which is believed to be the active oxidizing agent. The acetic
acid is regenerated in this cycle. It does not react in a stoichiometric manner with
the reagents. Notice that oxidation state of chlorine in HOCl is +1, and the
deficiency of electrons in the valence shell of Cl+
makes it more reactive than
chloride ion.
6.. One accepted mechanismvi
for this oxidation is:
molecular
iodine
iodide
ion
blue-black starch-iodine
complex
starchoxidation
I I2
Cl2 + NaOH NaOCl + H2O + NaCl
4. Notice that the chlorine atom that is transferred to the substrate as part of
hypochlorite ion is in the +1 oxidation state. This same chlorine leaves as Cl-1
.
The chlorine has undergone a reduction (from Cl+1
to Cl-1
) by accepting two
electrons from cyclohexanol. The cyclohexanol is thereby oxidized to
cyclohexanone.
7. You are required to calculate a theoretical and a percent yield for this
experiment. For instructions and examples on how to do this, see the
examples in the Percent Yield Instruction sheet. Note that one of the
starting materials was added as a neat liquid, the other material was
added as an aqueous solution.
8. Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone have different solubilities in water. This allows the
product to be isolated without distillation. The roughly 2 mL of cyclohexanol is
soluble in the 30 mL of bleach and acetic acid. When they are mixed, one layer
results. Cyclohexanone has a lower solubility in water than cyclohexanol. The
cyclohexanone which forms is not very soluble in the water, so it separates and
forms a new layer. Cyclohexanol is a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond
acceptor. Cyclohexanone is very polar but is not a hydrogen bond donor.
Cyclohexanone has a density of 0.9478 g/mLvii
which is lower than the density of
water. This causes the new layer to float on the surface of the water. If
cyclohexanone had a density greater than water this new layer would be on the
bottom of the flask.
9. Alcohols can form a variety of oxidation products depending up on their structure.
Some alcohols cannot be oxidized.
Primary alcohols are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids.
Primary alcohol can under certain conditions be oxidized only to aldehydes.
Secondary alcohols are readily oxidized to ketones.
5. Tertiary alcohols are impervious to oxidation.
i
Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, Worth, New York, 1982, p 472-475
ii
Weissermel, K, Arpe, H.-J., Industrial Organic Chemistry, 3rd
Completely Revised Edition, VCH, New York ,
1997
iii
BASF Optimizes Plant Performance, http://www.chemicalprocessing.com/articles/2003/299.html (September 27,
2011)
iv
Raghavendra R. Hegde, Atul Dahiya, M. G. Kamath, Nylon Fibers,
http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Nylon%20fibers.htm (September 27, 2011)
v
Formulation in Pharmacy Practice.Appendix B
http://www.pharminfotech.co.nz/manual/Formulation/mixtures/pages/solubilities.html (September 27, 2011)
vi
Mohrig, J.R, Nienhuis, D.M, Linck, C.F., Van Zoeren, C. Fox, B. G, Mahaffy, P.G., Journal of Chemical
Education, 1985, 62, 519-521
vii
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th
, CRC Press, 1984, ppC-251