The document discusses 4 types of biochemical reactions: neutralization, redox, hydrolysis, and condensation. Neutralization involves acids and bases reacting to form salts and water. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, with one being oxidized and one being reduced. Hydrolysis reactions involve adding water to break bonds, while condensation reactions bond molecules together and release water. These reaction types are used in important biological processes like cellular respiration and carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.

1. Biochemical Reactions 4 kinds used for making/breaking macromolecules neutralization (acid-base) redox (oxidation-reduction) hydrolysis condensation

2. Neutralization Rxn acid reacts with a base and products are salt and water Acid – substance that gives up a H+ when dissolved in H 2 O - organic (contain C) like amino acids or acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) - inorganic like HCl or H 2 SO 4 Base – substance that releases OH - when dissolved in water when these react, the OH - and H + are attracted and form H 2 O and salt is produced

3. eg. H 2 SO 4 + Mg(OH) 2 (aq) 2 H 2 O + MgSO 4 (aq) amount of H+ is measured on pH scale, low pH indicates acidity and high pH indicates alkalinity (basic) Buffers – substance that can donate or accept H+ ions as needed - help keep pH within a certain range, important for enzyme functions (pH changes can denature proteins) - bicarbonate (carbonic acid) buffer HCO 3 keeps our blood at pH of 7.4

4. Redox Reactions electron(s) move from one reactant to another Oxidation – loss of electrons Reduction – gain of electrons eg. Na + (s) + Cl ­ (g) NaCl Na is oxidized and Cl is reduced redox used in cellular respiration electrons removed from food molecules transferred to other molecules to produce energy used by cell

5. Hydrolysis & Condensation Rxns Condensation – 2 molecules bond together, H 2 O released eg. carbohydrate synthesis – condensation (eg. sucrose made from glucose and fructose) Hydrolysis - H 2 O added to molecule to break it in two eg. carbohydrate hydrolysis – reverse of above

6. Examples: Polypeptides – condensation forms peptide bond between 2 a.a., hydrolysis breaks it Fats – formed when condensation reaction forms ester linkages between 3 fatty acids and glycerol molecule, releasing 3 H 2 O molecules, broken down by hydrolysis

7. ATP adenosine triphosphate ribose sugar attached to adenine (nitrogenous base) and to 3 phosphate molecules universal energy carrier for cells outermost phosphate group attached by high energy bond bond can be broken by hydrolysis reaction ATP formed by condensation reaction