1. Biomes are defined as large regions characterized by distinct plant and animal life. The document discusses several major biomes including forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes.
2. Each biome has unique abiotic factors like climate and soil that have shaped the adaptations of the plants and animals living there. For example, desert plants have small leaves or none at all to reduce water loss, while aquatic biomes range from freshwater to marine environments.
3. Many biomes are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and restore degraded ecosystems.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Terrestrial ecosystems
A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms.
Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist:
tundra,
taiga,
temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest,
grassland; and
desert.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Major Biomes of the world.
The aquatic and land biomes including marine, freshwater, forest, desert, savanna, grassland, tundra biomes etc. This include all the details of the actual biome location along with the pictures describing it completely.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Major Biomes of the world.
The aquatic and land biomes including marine, freshwater, forest, desert, savanna, grassland, tundra biomes etc. This include all the details of the actual biome location along with the pictures describing it completely.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
This ppt gives you an idea about Hardy Weinberg principle. Hardy from England and Weinberg from Germany both individually came up with Hardy - Weinberg Law in 1908.
In this presentation you will get to know about aspects of paleobotany, about coal and petroleum exploration and its extraction and how paleobotany is related to coal and petroleum.
Parasexual cycle was first introduced by Guido Pontecarvo and Roper in dueteromycete members. In this sexual reproduction is absent. It is a cycle in which their is no specific time for lasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. They derive their sexual benefits from parasexuality.
importance of this cycle can be seen in industrial process, new and better strain,analysis of genetic and physiological processes of perfect and imperfect. it is also successful in genetic control of pathogenecity and host range in fusarium species.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. BIOMES
• A biome is a collection of plants and animals that have
common characteristics for the environment they exist
in.
• They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes
are distinct biological communities that have formed in
response to a shared physical climate.
• Biome is a broader term than habitat; any biome can
comprise a variety of habitats.
• he term was suggested in 1916 by Clements.
Grassland
Desert
Forest
Aquatic
Tundra
4. AQUATIC
ABIOTIC FACTORS
• DEPTH - The deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, is about 11,000 m (about 6.8
mi) deep.
• CLIMATE - Varies from - 40 degrees Fahrenheit to over 100 degrees. The average
temperature is 39 degrees Fahrenheit, but it is warmer near the equator where the direct
rays of sun can pierce the water and warm it.
• AVERAGE YEARLY PRECIPITATION - Over 100 inches.
• The WIND over the ocean creates large waves.
ADAPTATIONS
• PHYSIOLOGICAL – Regulate bodily functions, release chemicals in defense.
• STRUCTURAL - Plants develop mucilage sheath, leaves become tough,
leathery and dissected.
• BEHAVIORAL - sounds made by whales allow them to communicate,
5. AQUATIC
TYPES
FRESH
WATER
WETLAND
• Include streams, rivers
(flowing), lakes and ponds.
• High nutrient, less oxygen.
• Flora – on stream bed algae,
phytoplankton, near shore –
grasses, sedges, water lilies,
cattails etc.
• Fauna – crayfish, snails, clams,
mussels, otters etc.
• Swamp and marshes
• Soil is water logged.
• Lack of oxygen.
• Flora – Grasses, reeds
sphagnum, trees & shrubs.
• Fauna - Otters, beavers, game
fish, birds & insects.
6. Fresh water rivers
meet ocean’s salty
water.
Salinity fluctuates.
Flora – Mangrove
tree like
Rhizophora etc.
Fauna - fish,
shellfish, birds.
Mounds of CaCO3 by
coral. Dead zone.
Shallow, warm water,
poor nutrients.
FLORA – Algae
Fauna – coral, fishes,
echinoderms, etc.
Salty water.
Flora – Algae, Kelp,
Sea grass etc,
Fauna – crabs,
fishes, octopus,
turtles, etc.
This biome has 4
regions –
1.Intertidal
2.Pelagic
3. Benthic
4.Abyssal
OCEAN
ESTUARIES
CORAL REEF
MARINE BIOME
7. The Intertidal zone is where the
sea meets the land. The water level
keeps on changing due to tides.
Molluscs, star-fishes, crabs, algae,
etc. are found in this ocean biome
zone.
The deepest part of the ocean.
Here not many marine life-
forms are found due to less
nutrients to support the
existence of the marine
creatures. Mainly bacteria and
invertebrate marine creatures
are found.
The Pelagic zone - the Open Ocean or the
open seas. On account of the climatic
diversity found in these parts of the water,
often leads to warm ocean water mixing
with the cold ocean water creating a
temperate climate. A wide variety of
marine creatures are found. Dolphins,
whales, octopus, starfish and sharks are
the main marine creatures which are
found.
The last ocean biome zone is the
Benthic zone. This ocean biome
zone is the part of the ocean biome
that is found beneath the pelagic
zone. Seaweeds, fungi, bacteria
and sponges are the main variety
of oceanic flora and fauna found in
this ocean biome zone.
The Intertidal zone
The Abyssal zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic Zone
9. PROBLEMS -
•Pollution
•Over fishing
•Oil spill
•Human invasion
•SOLUTION -
•Education – Educating people about
waste management, waste treatment,
etc. is very important.
•Fishing should be done in limit.
•Without treatment waste should
not be dumped in water.
AQUATIC
THREATS &
CONSERVATION
10. FOREST BIOME
Forest biomes - are defined as biological communities that are dominated by trees and other woody
vegetation
FOREST
11. Soil - not fertile , poor in nutrients and very acidic
ADAPTATIONS
Coniferous trees are abundant
Roots long to anchor trees
Needles long, thin and waxy
Low sunlight and poor soil keeps
plants from growing on forest floor
THREATS TO TAIGA
Found only in Northern Hemisphere Northern parts of
Alaska, Canada, Asia .
Climate: Very long and cold winter lasting to about half
a year; precipitation is in the form of snow about 60
cm.
Temperature: Below -20 0 C in winter and about 15 0 C
in summer.
TAIGA
Mining operations , Road construction.
Fire Daylily
Ptilium Crista-castrensis Reindeer
BOREAL FOREST (Coniferous forest, Evergreen
forest, Taiga)
12. Climate: The seasons do not change and it has been
hot and wet for millions of years.
Temperature ranges from 70-85 degrees
Covers about 6-7% of the earth’s land surface
Location : Central and South America, Africa, Asia,
and Australia.
Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the
world
Rainfall :about 100-400 inches per year.
High biodiversity and biomass
Soil : Lacks minerals and contains little remains of
dead plants and animals.
Tropical Rainforest
13. Sunlight is a major limiting factor ,little sun reaches
the floor
Shallow, wide roots since soil is so thin and poor in
nutrients
ADAPTATIONS
Tropical rainforest is the richest source of plants life
on earth.
Plants grow in layers (canopy receives most light)
Humans strip the rainforests for uses including
logging and cattle ranching.
Threats to the Tropical
Rainforest
Rafflessia Nepenthes
14. Location: found near coastal areas along the Pacific coast
of Canada at the USA, and in New Zealand, Tasmania.
Climate:
• Also wet, but not as rainy as tropical rainforest.
• Rains about 100 inches per year.
2 distinct seasons: one long wet winter and a short drier
summer
Soil : It is structurally more complex, comprising several
layers.
More fertile than tropical rainforest .
Logging , global warming
Western hemlock Bromeliads
Moose Black tailed deer
Threats
Temperate Rainforest
15. Found in areas having 70 cm to 200 cm of rainfall.
Tropical Deciduos forest
They are of two types : 1. Moist 2. Dry
Tiger Deer Teak tree
Palm tree
Thick bark, drop their leaves prior to the winter,
Animals that hibernate
Adaptation
Acid rain , deforestation , human interference , pollution.
Threats
16. Abundance of deciduous (leaf bearing) trees Characterized
by 4 season
Soils: Deep soil layers, rich in nutrients
Precipitation: 30–100 in/yr in all forms (snow, rain, hail,
fog, etc.)
Location:
Much of the human population lives in this biome
Temperate deciduous forest
ADAPTATIONS
More diversity
Trees adapt to varied climate
by becoming dormant in
winter
Grow in layers ,more ground
dwelling plants.
Threats
Many forests are
cleared to provide
housing for
humans.
Oak tree Birch tree
17. Mangrove forest
Location: sunderbans of west bengal , picchavaram
ennore .
Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants
highly productive but extremely sensitive
Great floral diversity
Avicennia marina
Rhizophora apiculata
Acanthus ilicifolius
Heron
18. CHAPARRAL
Location : Coast of the Mediterranean, US West
Coast
having both forests and grassland
climate - very hot and dry.
hold significant amounts of moisture.
ADAPTATIONS
leaves with a hairy texture,
seeds lay dormant during normal conditions,
Wildfires is common
Threats
Chamaea fasciata
Arctostaphylos Adenostoma
praying mantis
Mediterranean Forest
19. The desert biome covers about one-fifth of Earth’s surface.
Majority of deserts in the world map can be found along
Tropic of Cancer (30 degrees North) and
Tropic of Capricorn (30 degrees South).
DESERT
LOCATION
DESSERT BIOME
21. HOT & DRY DESERTS COASTAL DESERTS COLD DESERTS ARID DESERTS
• Around these latitudes, dry
air coming from
the equatorial
regions (around 0 degrees)
dries out the land.
• Some deserts are found
in landlocked regions- not
bordered by an ocean.
• Example -Great Basin
Desert in North America-
largest desert in The U.S.
• Coasts of continents.
• As cool air moves from west
to east across oceans, it can
create cold foggy weather
instead of rainfall along the
western coasts of
continents.
• Example -the Namib
Desert in southwestern
Africa
& the Atacama Desert in
South America.
• Deserts differ based on -
place
climate
• Deserts receive less than
25 cm of rain each year.
• We usually think of
deserts as being very hot,
but some deserts can be
very cold.
• Cold deserts can be
found in the Antarctic as
well as in Greenland.
• & what defines a desert
is rainfall, not
temperature.
• With few plants, little water
and extreme swings in daily
temperatures, the soils in
deserts tend to be rocky or
sandy and have very
little organic matter (from
dead plants).
• These soils are known as arid
soils or desert soils.
• Many deserts also
experience a lot
of wind.
DESERTS
TYPES
22. • Plants found in deserts have
• ways to reduce transpiration
• small leaves or no leaves
• waxy cuticles
• Thorns, etc. to protect
themselves from
desert herbivores.
• Some only grow leaves in
response to rainfall
• Other plants, in
the cacti family,
-do not have any leaves
-Have hairs or spines
covering them.
-reduce evaporation
-discourage animals
from eating them.
• Like camels, cacti can store
water in their tissues to
use later.
DESERT
ADAPTATIONS
24. • Animals in hot deserts-good at avoiding
heat.
• many animals-come out only at night
• seek shelter in shady areas during day
time
• An example of this is the desert
scorpion-hunts at night & spends the
day hidden.
• Some rodents burrow underground
to keep cool during the day, similar to
the rodents in the savanna biome.
In the Sonoran Desert in the United
States, ground squirrels build burrows
underground.
DESERT
WILDLIFE
25. THREATS:
• Human activities, such as desertification.
• Population growth & greater demand for land
• Climate change making-hot dry places even hotter and drier.
• Off-road vehicles such as
• dune buggies,
• oil and gas production
• and urbanization cause damage to desert plants.
• The saguaro cactus-200 years to grow to full size!
SOME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS INCLUDE:
• planting bushes and grasses prevent
sand from blowing around and
• digging ditches that can store rain as
well as wind-blown seeds.
• People are encouraged to use off-road
vehicles only on designated trails
• and people living in desert resort to cities &
are encouraged to replace their water-loving
grass lawns with native desert plants which
do not require watering
• xeriscaping.
26. Grasslands are almost entirely
short to tall grasses with no trees.
This land type gets just enough rain
to help grasses, flowers, and herbs
grow, but stays dry enough that
fires are frequent and trees cannot
survive.
Here we find large mammals that
often travel together in huge herds.
GRASSLAND
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Characterized by a rich mix of grasses
underlaid by some of the world's most fertile soils, temperate
grasslands – such as plains and prairies – once covered vast areas of the
midwestern United States.
27. • Since the development of the steel plow,
however, most have been converted to
agricultural fields.
• Periodic fires and heavy grazing by large
herbivores maintain the characteristic plant
community.
Abiotic factors: warm to hot summers; cold
winters; moderate, seasonal
precipitation;fertile soils; occasional fires
• Dominant plants: The dominant plant
species comprise short(Eg.,blue grama grass,
mesquite grass, etc) and tall grasses(Eg.,Tall
bluestem,etc).
• Dominant wildlife: predators(Eg., coyotes
and badgers)herbivores(Eg.,mule deer,
pronghorn antelope, prairie dogs,etc).
Geographic distribution: central Asia, North
America, Australia, central Europe and
upland plateaus of South America
Animals in Temperate grassland
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
29. WEATHER:
• Temperatures in this biome vary greatly between summer and winter.
• Sometimes the temperature is more than 100°F (37.8°C). Rain in the temperate
grasslands usually occurs in the late spring and early summer.
• The yearly average is about 20 - 35 inches (55 - 95 cm), but much of this falls as snow
in the winter. Fire is not foreign in temperate grasslands
PEOPLE AND THE TEMPERATE GRASSLAND:
• One of the main environmental concerns regarding temperate grasslands is the
conversion of grassland to farmland.
• The rich soil is ideal for farming and grazing. With continual agricultural
development and progress we have lost many of our natural grasslands.
30. • These tree-studded grasslands receive
enough seasonal rainfall so that trees can
grow in open groups or singly throughout.
• The animals living here have long legs for
escaping predators and usually are seen in
herds.
• A combination of fire and grazing animals
are important for maintaining the savannah.
TROPICAL SAVANA
• Receiving more seasonal rainfall than deserts but
less than tropical dry forests, tropical savannas or
grasslands, are characterized by a cover of
grasses.
• Savannas are spotted with isolated trees and
small groves of trees and shrubs.
• Compact soils, fairly frequent fires, and the
action of large animals such as rhinoceros
prevent some savanna areas from turning into dry
forest.
SAVANA
31. Abiotic factors: warm temperatures; seasonal rainfall; compact
soil; frequent fires set by lightning
Dominant plants: The savanna is dominated by grasses such as
Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass, lemon grass, and some
shrubs.
• . The Acacia tree is an interesting plant in the savanna. It has an
umbrella shape, with branches and leaves high off the ground
that giraffes like to eat.
• Baobab trees also live in the savanna. They deal with dry
conditions by storing water between the bark and meat of the
tree.
Dominant wildlife: predators(Eg., lions, leopards, cheetahs,
aardvarks; herbivores (Eg., baboon, giraffes, antelopes, etc) ;
birds( Eg., eagles, weaver birds, storks,etc); insects such as
termites.
Geographic distribution: large parts of eastern Africa,
southern Brazil, northern Australia
Weather: An important factor in the savanna is climate.
• The climate is usually warm and temperatures range from 68° to
86°F (20 to 30°C).
• The annual rainfall is from 10 - 30 inches (25 - 75 cm) per year.
ANIMALS IN TROPICAL SAVANA
32. DOMINANT FLORA AND FAUNA
STAR GRASS RED OAT GRASS ACACIA TREE BAOBAB TREE
AARDVARK BABOON STORK WEAVER BIRD
33. PEOPLE AND THE SAVANNA:
• Some environmental concerns with savannas
include poaching or hunting, overgrazing, and
destruction of land for commercial crops.
• Many animals in the savanna, such as the
rhinoceros and zebra, are endangered and
threatened with extinction due to hunting,
poaching, and habitat loss.
TUNDRA
Tundra is flat and cold with low plants like grass
and moss that only grow during the short summer.
A thick layer of ice lies just below the shallow soil
(permafrost) all year around, and trees cannot
penetrate it to anchor their roots.
Many birds visit the tundra in the summer to nest,
but most escape the winter by migrating to warmer
areas.
Mice and other small mammals stay active during
the winter in protected tunnels under the snow.
TUNDRA
34. • During the short, cool summer, the ground
thaws to a depth of a few centimetres and
becomes soggy and wet.
• In winter, the topsoil freezes again.
Abiotic factors: strong winds; low precipitation;
short and soggy summers; long, cold, and dark
winters;. poorly developed soils; permafrost
Dominant plants: This biome consists: ground-
hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges,
and short grasses and some shrubs.
Dominant wildlife: a few resident birds and
mammals that can withstand the harsh
conditions; migratory waterfowl, shore birds,
musk ox, Arctic foxes, and caribou; lemmings
and other small rodents
Geographic distribution: northern North
America, Asia, and Europe
ANIMALS IN TUNDRA
35. DOMINANT WILDLIFE & PLANTS
MIGRATORY WATERFOWL SHORE BIRD ARCTIC FOX
DWARF WILLOW
LEMMING
LICHENS SEDGES
BIRCH TREE
36. Weather:
• There is very little rainfall in the tundra; it rains less than 10 inches a year.
• In the winter the temperature can reach -50°F (-45.5°C).
• Summer temperatures rarely get above 50°F (10°C), just enough to thaw the surface of the ground.
PEOPLE AND THIS BIOME:
• Tundra may seem tough, but it is a very sensitive environment.
• More people have recently been moving to the tundra to work in the mines and oil industry.
• A caribou migration route was interrupted by construction of the Alaskan oil pipeline
• Pesticides used to control insects may work their way up through the food chain and affect many of
the animals that live on the tundra.
• Permafrost has the ability to preserve plants and animals in the cold ice for long periods of time.
• Scientists can use the permafrost as a record of the past to learn about climate.
• These records are a tool to compare past climates with the current climate to see how much the earth
may be warming.
37. REFERENCES
ARTICLE
• The Marine Biome - UC Museum of paleontology, Berkeley
University of California – March 2007
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/marine.ph
p
Websites
• https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-
resources/backgrounders/desert-biome
• http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/desert.html
• biologydiscussion.com
Slideshare.in
• https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-
resources/backgrounders/desert-biome
• http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/desert.html