Consrvation biology introduction and bio diversity conservation

1. Muhammad Qamar Iqbal Qamar
iqbal qamar424@gmail.com
03106783097

2. conservation Biology
conservation
The conservation means to save the natural resources i.e.
environment, extinct animal fossils , preserved dead objects
and places for the future use as education and research etc.
It is a broad term which further more general terms as
Preservation (deals with some places and objects)
Environmental impacts of human (air, water, soil pollution )
Ecology (relation b/w organisms and their environment )

3. conservation Biology
e.p.a.
Brief history
 Starts about 3000 years ago from Egypt
1) From king Ibhlaton
2) China india
3) Europe
4) Roman
environment
protection
Agency

4. conservation Biology
 first try to conserve the nature was carried out by
prophet Noah by using ark.
Second time , Quran introduce the rules of
hunting towards bni- Israel .
 1639 an act was passed as not to kill deer.
1822 in Cap town in Africa, formulate the laws on
Conservation.
A.Leopold in 1949 introduce the conservation
rules.

5. conservation Biology
history of preservation
 Firstly old Egypt practiced the preservation method and formed
Mummies .
 1872 established a park (yellow stone national park) in Montana
state USA.
 Size 9000 square kilometer in diameter and 18 square kilometer in long.
 In 1948 the international union for conservation of natural
resources(IUCN) was found.
 In 1962 Rihard Cartson which is a naturalist visit different places to
environment ,and note the environmental issues finally wrote a book
“Silent spring”.

6. conservation Biology
First conference on conservation biology held in
Stockholm in 1972.
First conservation society is establish in 1987
Conservation ethics
J Bard proposed the ethics of conservation
1. Romantic transcendental preservation ethics.
2. Resources conservation ethics .
3. Evolution and ecology land conservation ethics.

7. conservation Biology
Biological diversity
Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources.
 Ecological biodiversity (biogeographic).
 Genetic diversity (gene pool , population – species).
 Organism diversity (kingdom, phylum).
Genetic diversity
I. Chromosome
II. Nucleotide
III. Genes
IV. Genomic size (amount of DNA)

8. conservation Biology
Ecological diversity
 Biogeographical realms
 Biomes
 Provinces
 Eco-regions
 Ecosystems
 Habitats
 Populations
Organismal diversity
 Domains or kingdoms
 Phylum
 Families
 genera

9. conservation Biology
 Species
 Sub-species
 Population
 Individuals
Genetic diversity
genetic diversity compasses the components of the genetic coding that
structures organisms and variation in the genetic makeup b/w
individuals within a population and b/w the population. It is perhaps
basic measures of
 Genome size
 Amount of DNA
Examples

10. conservation Biology
Common name Scientific name Genome size
Microsporidium Encephalitozoon
intestinalis
0.0023 pg
Amoeba Chaos chaos 1400 pg
Human Homospians 3.5pg
Bacteria E.choli 4.4-5.5 mb
Common name Scientific name Gene
Haemohilus bacteria Heamophilus influenza 1750
Bacteria E.Coli 3200
Yeast Cacchromyces ceravisiae 6000
Nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans 19000

11. conservation Biology
Common name Scientific name Genome length
Plant Arabidopsis thaliana 25000
Bacteria E.coli 18000
Fruit fly Drosophilla melanogaster 17000
Common name Scientific name Base pair
Plant Treponema pallidum 1,138,011
Bacteria E.coli 5,386
Mouse 2.8 x 109

12. conservation Biology
Organism diversity
Organismal diversity encompasses the full taxonomic hierarchy and its
components from individuals upwards to population , sub species, species,
family, phyla, kingdom, domain.
Examples.
 The global number of prokaryotes has been estimated to be 4-6× 1030 .
 With production rate of 1.7× 1030 cells per annum.
 Lambshead 2004
 The number of protists is estimated at 104 - 107 individuals per square meter
.
 In poor nature has been estimated to have 105 individual nematodes per m2
more productive habitats 106 - 107 per m2
 possibly with an upper limit of 108 per m2 ; 1019 per m2 has been suggested
as a conservative estimate of the global number of individuals of free living
nematodes.

13. conservation Biology
Gaston et all 2003
 Gaston estimated about the breeding bird , it may be less than as 1011 at
any time .
 Fewer than 17 for every person on the planet .
 Individual organisms can be grouped into relatively independent
populations of a species on the basis of
1. Limited gene flow
2. Some level of genetic differentiation
Population is a particular important element of the bi9odiversity as
1. It provides an important link b/w the different groups of elements of
biodiversity.
2. It is the scale at which it is perhaps most sensible to consider linkage
b/w biodiversity and its provisional services .

14. conservation Biology
Hughes et al. 1997
Hughes et al. in 1997 estimated of the diversity of such populations and the
average geographic range sizes of species suggest a total about 220
distinct populations per eukaryote species
 Multiplying this by range of estimates of the extinct number of species
,gives a global total of 1.1 to 6.6 × 109 populations .
(see for more detail on page no.29-30 column no.2 from notes)
Ecological diversity
Third group of elements of biodiversity encompasses the scales of
ecological differences from populations through habitats to ecosystems
,provinces and on up to biomes and biogeographic realms. They are
difficult to distinguish without recourse to what ultimately consitute
some essentially arbitrary rules.

15. conservation Biology
Bioregions
Ecoregion are the large areal units containing geographically distinct
species as assemblage and experiencing geographically distinct
environmental conditions. Careful mapping schemes have identified
 867 terrestrial ecoregions
 426 fresh water ecoregions
 232 marine ecoregions
Ecoregions can in turn be grouped into biomes ,global scale biogeographic
regions distinguished by unique collections of species assemblage and
ecosystems.
 There are 14 terrestrial biomes some of which at least will be very
familiar where ever in the world one resides.
 Terrestrial 8 such realms which are typically recognized ( Australasia
,antarctic, afrotropic, indomalayan, nearctic, neotropic, Oceania and
palearctic )

16. conservation Biology
 Marine and shelf are divided into 12 realms ( arctic ,temperate north
Atlantic , temperate northern pacific , tropical Atlantic, western indo
pacific , central indopacific , eastern indopacific ,tropical eastern
pacific, temperate southern America ,temperate southern Africa ,
temperate Australasia ,and southern ocean.).
 Ocean unit.
 There is no strictly equivalent scheme for the pelagic open ocean ,
although one has divided the ocean into for units
 Polar
 Westerlies
 Trades
 Coatal boundary.
 Thses are sub divided into 12 further on the basis of biogeographical
features.

17. conservation Biology
Subdivisions of oceanic realms
1. Antarctic polar
2. Antarctic westerly winds
3. Atlantic coastal
4. Atlantic polar
5. Atlantic trade wind
6. Atlanic weterly winds
7. Indian ocean coastal
8. Indian ocean trade winds
9. Pacific coatal
10. Pacific polar
11. Pacific trade wind
12. Pacific westerly winds

18. conservation Biology
Measuring biodiversity and how has biodiversity changed through
time?(see from notes page no.32-33)
Key features of biodiversity change through the time
They identify the key features of the change in the numbers of genera
(widely assumed to correlate with species richness) as comprising
1. A rise in richness from the cambrian through to the mid-devonian
(~525-400 million years ago, Ma)
2. A large extiction in the mid-devonian with no clear recovery until
the permian (~ 400-300 Ma)
3. A large extiction in the late permian and again in the late triassic (
~250-200Ma)
4. A rise in richness through the late tiassic to the present (~200-0 Ma ,
)

19. conservation Biology
Symbiosis
At the early stage eukaryotes incorporated within their structure
anaeobically metabolizing bacteria , giving rise to eukaryotic
cells with mitochondria all an aerobically metabolizing
eukaryotes that have been found to have had aerobic ancestors
making it highly likely that the ancestral eukaryotes was aerobic
.this was fundamentally organisms and sexual means of
reproduction such endosymbiosis occurred serially ,by simpler
and more complex routes enabling eukaryotes to diversify in a
variety of way ,thus the inclusion of photosynthesizing
cyanobacteria into eukaryote cell that already contained a
mitochondrion give rise to eukaryotic cells with plastids and
capable of photosynthesis. This event alone would lead to
dramatic alterations in the earths ecosystem .

20. conservation Biology
Long living species
 The longest lived species that is well documented is a bryozon
that persisted from early Cretaceous to the present, a period of
approximately 85 million years.
 If the fossil record span 600 million years total species numbers
were to have been life span of individual species were 1-10 million
years then at any specific instant the extant species would have
represented 0.2 -2 % of those that have ever lived.
 If this were true of the present time then if the number of extant
eukaryotes species number 8 million, 400 million might once
have existed.

21. conservation Biology
Period of mass extinction
 The period of mass extinction when 75-95% of species that were
extant are estimated to have become extinct.
 Their significance lies not , however in overall numbers of
extinctions for which they account.
 This is highly significant given the intensity and range of
pressures that have been exerted on biodiversity by humankind
and when have drastically reshaped the natural world over a
sufficiently long period in respect to available data that we have
rather little concept of what a truly natural system looks like .

22. conservation Biology
Where is the biological diversity?
Just the biodiversity has varied markedly through time so it also
varies across space
 0.900 species of fungal fruiting body reported from 13 plots
totally just 14.7 ha near Vienna ,Austria.
 173 species of lichens on a single tree in papua New Guinea
 814 species of trees from a 50 ha in Peninsular Malaysia
 850 species of invertebrates estimated to occur at sandy beach
site in the North sea.
 245 resident species of birds recorded holding territories on a 97
ha plots in peru.
 200 species of mammals occurring at some sites in the
Amazonian rain forests.

23. conservation Biology
Land and water
 The ocean cover ~340.1 million km2 (67%)
 the land ~170.3 million km2 (33%)
 fresh water ~1.5 million km2 (0.3%)
 16 million km2 under the ice and permanent snow
 2.6 million km2 as wet lands soil water of the earth's surface
It would therefore seem reasonable to predict that the ocean would be
most biodiverse followed by the land and then fresh water. In term of
numbers of higher texa ,there are induced some evidence that marine
systems are espacially more diverse.
 96 phyla recognized by Margulis and schwartz (1998)
 69 have marine representative
 55 have terrestrial ones
 60 have fresh water representatives

24. conservation Biology
 However of the species described to date only
 15% marine
 6% fresh water
Biogeographic realms and ecoregions
 Of the terrestrial realms, the neotropics is generally
regarded as overall being the most biodiverse
 Afrotropics
 Indomalaya
By depending on the way in which organismal diversity
is measured.
(further detail see notes page number 37)

25. conservation Biology
Some historical glimpse of conservation biology.
Alison 1981
 Mongols Aztecs and Incas history has recorded many decrees
setting aside land to protect its fauna . Conservation was an
issue during the period when European states were colonizing the
rest of the world.
Grove 1992-1995
 Tropical island such as Mauritius and Tobago where the consequences of
the over exploitation became apparent very quickly .
 Freedom from feudal game laws was often a significant stimulus to
colonization .

26. conservation Biology
 Aldo Leopold 1949 proposed the idea of endangered species.
 First conference for conservation biology 1972 held at Stockholm
by UN .
 Ecology is introduced in 1869 by Aristotle and other Greek
philosophers.
 john Muir 1838-1914 , the conservation issue raised on political
basis of action and naturalist and writers develop the sense of
conservation
 Gifford Pinchot 1865 -1946 , formulate diff. value system .
 Resources conservation ethics
 Forester and politician of US forest service

27. conservation Biology
Aldo leopold 1886-1948
 Founder of wild life conservation
 Eradicate predation
 Pinchot 1947 stressed the dichotomy b/w people and nature.
 Callicott 1990 challenged conservationist with a provocative
ideas.
 Ausan Jaacobson in 1990 suggested a schematic model to
illustrate the structure of conservation biology.
 First international conference on conservation biology held in
San Diego California in 1978.