Midlatitude Cyclone Maps Fall 2013
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The document appears to be notes about Tropical Storm Gabrielle, including various numbers and notations such as "Note this one as well" repeated multiple times throughout. It is difficult to discern any clear meaning or essential information from the document.
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The document contains notes and references to multiple machine learning concepts (MLCs). MLCs 1 through 6 are referenced, with MLCs 3 and 4 appearing most frequently. The document also contains repeated notes to "note this one as well" between references to the MLCs.
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The document depicts the movement and progression of 4 midlatitude cyclones labeled 1 through 4 on a map. Cyclone 3 is approaching and will bring cooler weather and precipitation to the Bay Area later this week, while Cyclones 1 and 2 have moved out of the region and Cyclone 4 is still developing.
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Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure storm systems that form in the middle latitudes. They develop along fronts where warm and cold air masses meet. As the cyclone rotates counterclockwise, it pulls the air masses together, creating precipitation along advancing cold fronts. Weather maps use symbols to depict the different fronts, like cold fronts where cold air advances under warm air. Meteograms graphically show changing weather conditions over time and can indicate the passage of fronts associated with midlatitude cyclones.
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Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure storm systems that form in the midlatitudes. They develop as warm and cold air masses converge, forming fronts where the air masses meet. As the cyclone moves eastward, the cold front typically advances faster than the storm itself and eventually catches up to the warm front. Meteograms are charts that plot changes in weather conditions over time and can clearly show the passing of fronts and associated changes in temperature, wind, precipitation and other conditions.
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The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes how the hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. It then explains key components of the hydrological cycle like evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, runoff and groundwater. Finally, it discusses factors that influence water retention in soil like soil texture, particle size, and organic matter content.
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2) Major global circulation cells include the Hadley cell and polar cell systems, as well as jet streams and Rossby waves that transport air and influence weather patterns.
3) Local winds form due to differences in land-sea heating and terrain, and include sea/land breezes, downslope/upslope winds, monsoon patterns, and more.
Atmospheric Moisture
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Temperature
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Energy Balance
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Karst Topography
Karst topography is a type of landscape formed by the dissolution of limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It requires water, limestone that is at least 80% calcium carbonate, and a network of joints and fractures for water to flow through. Features include sinkholes, caves, and disappearing streams. Sinkholes form where water drains through joints in the limestone, collapsing the surface. Caves form near the water table and contain formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and columns.
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Groundwater and surface water are interconnected through the hydrologic cycle and comprise our water resources. However, extraction and pollution are threatening these resources. Over-pumping of aquifers like the High Plains Aquifer has caused water tables to drop significantly. The Middle East is also over-pumping groundwater, causing saltwater intrusion. Once polluted, groundwater remains contaminated for a long time since it flows more slowly than surface water. Increased water demand and improper management are reducing available fresh water supplies globally. Sustainable practices are needed to protect this vital resource for the future.
Surface Water
The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes how the hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. It then explains key components of the hydrological cycle like evapotranspiration, infiltration, percolation, runoff and groundwater. Finally, it discusses factors that influence water retention in soil like soil texture, particle size, and organic matter content.
Soils
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Weathering
Weathering breaks down bedrock into regolith and sediment through physical and chemical processes. Joints in bedrock allow weathering to penetrate and further break apart the rock. Physical weathering, dominant in dry climates, produces larger soil particles through processes like frost action and crystalization. Chemical weathering, more common in warm, wet climates, generates smaller particles as it alters the chemical composition of rocks through hydrolysis, oxidation, and other reactions. Both physical and chemical weathering typically work together to break down bedrock and form soil.
Biogeography
The document describes various ecological hierarchies that shape biodiversity on Earth, including taxonomic, trophic, and ecological hierarchies. It then discusses key concepts in biogeography and ecosystems, such as biomes, disturbance regimes, succession, and how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems. Specific biomes are also outlined such as tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
Climate
Climate change is evidenced by rising global temperatures and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the last century. Several causes contribute to climate change, with greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon dioxide and methane from human activities like burning fossil fuels and agriculture, accounting for over 90% of current warming. General climate models predict further global temperature increases of 1.4-5.8°C by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with effects including more severe droughts that endanger food supply.
Weather
This document summarizes key concepts relating to weather including air masses, lifting mechanisms, mid-latitude cyclonic systems, and severe weather phenomena like thunderstorms and tornadoes. It discusses how weather results from different air masses interacting through pressure-induced movement and lifting. Important lifting mechanisms include convection, convergence, orographic lifting, and frontal lifting. Mid-latitude cyclones form as warm and cold air masses collide, rotating around a low pressure center. Severe weather such as thunderstorms and tornadoes can occur where pronounced lifting takes place. Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters, fueled by heat release and pressure drops.
Pressure And Winds
1) Global atmospheric circulation patterns are driven by differences in air pressure, temperature, and density that produce wind flows from high to low pressure areas.
2) Major global circulation cells include the Hadley cell and polar cell systems, as well as jet streams and Rossby waves that transport air and influence weather patterns.
3) Local winds form due to differences in land-sea heating and terrain, and include sea/land breezes, downslope/upslope winds, monsoon patterns, and more.
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Satellite Images for Midlatitude Cyclone Tracking Spring 2014
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Midlatitude Cyclone Maps Fall 2013
- 1. 1 2
- 2. 2 1 Note this one as well.
- 3. 1 2
- 4. 1 2
- 5. 1 2 3 5. Note this one, as well.
- 6. 1 3 5. Note this one, as well.
- 7. 1 3 5. Note this one, as well.
- 8. 3 1 4 5. Note this one, as well.
- 9. 1? 3 4 5. Note this one, as well. 6
- 10. 5. Note this one, as well. 4? 6 Tropical Storm Gabrielle