This document presents information about ecology and ecosystems from Group 9. It defines ecology and ecosystems, describes the components of ecosystems, different types of ecosystems, and matter and energy flow within ecosystems. It also discusses topics like food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, community ecology, and methods to study communities like frequency and life forms. Diagrams and charts are included to illustrate key concepts.
the purpose of this presentation was to know that the Ecosystem is a natural cycle, it makes the balance of nature. In which, Human being are integral part of ecological systems and depend on nature for survival and quality of life.
So we have the duty to save nature, to survive ecosystem, and to safe ourselves.
ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
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Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
the purpose of this presentation was to know that the Ecosystem is a natural cycle, it makes the balance of nature. In which, Human being are integral part of ecological systems and depend on nature for survival and quality of life.
So we have the duty to save nature, to survive ecosystem, and to safe ourselves.
ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
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Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study.
Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. ~PRESENTED BY
GROUP - 9
⮚ SHIVANAND (13001320013)
⮚ DEEPMITA SAHA (13001320016)
⮚ SUVADEEP DE (13001320032)
⮚ NAVNEET KISHORE (13001320043)
⮚ AVIJIT DANDAPAT (13001320048)
⮚ SACHIN (13001320055)
2. ECOLOGY
Ecology is the
scientific study of the
distribution and
abundance of
organisms and the
interactions between
organisms and their
abiotic environment.
Ecologists try to
understand the inner
workings of natural
Ecosystems.
3. WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM?
An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals and other
organisms as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a
bubble of life.
Ecosystem have two components
❖ Biotic Components ( Living Components )
❖Abiotic Components ( Non-living Components )
Below we gave a small chart about it.
4. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
Mainly Ecosystem have two
types.
1. Natural Ecosystem
2. Artificial Ecosystem.
Natural Ecosystem have also two
types. It is also called ‘Biomes’.
1. Terrestrial Biomes
2. Aquatic Biomes
This two have also some
division. It discuss in the picture.
5. MATTER IN AN ECOSYSTEM
The flow of matter in an ecosystem is not like energy flow. Matter enters an ecosystem at any level and leaves at
any level. Matter cycles freely between trophic levels and between the ecosystem and the physical environment
(Figure below).
Nutrients are elements, usually in the form of ions, that are
crucial to the growth of living organisms. Nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorous are important for plant cell growth.
Animals use silica and calcium to build shells and skeletons.
Cells need nitrates and phosphates to create proteins and
other biochemicals. From nutrients, organisms make tissues
and complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.Rocks and minerals break down
to release nutrients. Nutrients can be brought in from other
regions, carried by wind or water. When one organism eats
another organism, it receives all of its nutrients. Nutrients can
also cycle out of an ecosystem. Decomposers play a key role
in making nutrients available to organisms. Decomposers
break down dead organisms into nutrients and carbon
dioxide, which they respire into the air. If dead tissue would
remain as it is, eventually nutrients would run out. Without
decomposers, life on Earth would have died out long ago.
6. ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM
The transfer of the energy in the food chain is
limited; and hence, the number of trophic
levels in the food chain is limited. There is
only 10 per cent of the transfer of energy from
each lower trophic level to the next/higher
trophic level. This law, known as the 10 per
cent energy law, was proposed by Raymond
Lindeman. The primary consumers do not
acquire 100 per cent of the energy transfer
from the plants/producers; some of the
energy of the sun is consumed by the plants
during the process of photosynthesis.
7. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
A naturally occurring group of different plant and animal populations living in common
environment constitute a biotic community. Assemblage of plant populations in abiotic
community and that of animal population is called animal community.
The study of organisms living together in an interrelated manner in an environment is
termed as community ecology or synecology.
Study of plant communities is known as Phytosociology.
8. What Are The Characteristics Of A
Community?
A community has mainly 6 characteristics:
1. Species Diversity
2. Growth forms and structure
3. Dominance
4. Self-Reliance
5. Relative abundance
6. Trophic structure
The living places of the organisms are 2 types:
I. Habitat
II. Ecological Niche
9. FREQUENCY
Frequency is the number of times an organism
species is present in a certain number of plots
of a quadrat of particular size.
It’s actually expressed as a percentage and
sometimes called as frequency index.
Formula: %frequency of a species
= [No. of plots in which the species
occurs/Total no. of plots examined of]*100
i.e. Suppose a species (Sp.1) is present in 15
plots of a 36 plots quadrat,
the freq. of Sp.1 is = (15/36)*100
= 41.7%
10. LIFE FORMS
LIFE FORM CHARACTERISTICS CLIMATE AREA
Phanerophytes Woody perennials (Trees, shrubs) > 25 cm in height
that have their leaf-producing buds elevated above
ground on stems.
Warm and moist Tropical
Cryptophytes Grasses which have above-ground tissues that DIE
BACK IN WINTER or during prolonged dry periods and
survive unfavorable periods as BUDS buried in the
ground on a BULB or RHIZOME.
Warm and dry Temperate
Therophytes Grasses which have above-ground tissues that DIE
BACK IN WINTER or during prolonged dry periods and
survive unfavorable periods as BUDS buried in the
ground on a BULB or RHIZOME.
Hot or cold and dry Desert climate
Hemicryptophytes Perennial shoots or buds are close to the surface of the
ground, often covered with litter.
Hemicryptophytes Temperate/tundra like
Chamaephytes Buds on persistent shoots near the ground – woody
plants with perennating buds borne close to the ground,
no more than 25 cm above the soil surface, (e.g.
Bilberry and Periwinkle).
Extremely cold Tundra-like
11. BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM
When species within a community are classified into life forms and each life form is expressed as a
PERCENTAGE, the result is a LIFE FORM SPECTRUM (Biological spectrum) that reflects the plants’
adaptations to the environment, especially climate, and provides provides a standard standard means for
describing describing community community structure structure.The ratio of the life forms of different
species in terms of percentage in any floristic community is called the biological spectrum.Biological
spectrum is also called phytoclimatic spectrum because each life form is related to a particular climate
and the composition of a community in terms of life forms also indicates the climatic condition prevailing
in the area. Therefore, biological spectrum is a direct indicator of the environment that is occupied by the
particular community.
LIFE FORM PERCENTAGE
Phanerophytes 46
Cryptophytes 9
Therophytes 26
Hemicryptophytes 6
Chamaephytes 13
12. FOOD CHAIN & FOOD WEB
❑ FOOD CHAIN:-
A Food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy. A food
chain shows one possible path along which energy can move through an ecosystem
❑ FOOD WEB:-
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-
what in an ecological community
13. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
The arrangement of biotic components of the food chain according
to their size, metabolic relationship is known as ‘Trophic Structure’.
This is specific to each ecosystem.
This relationship between the various trophic levels of a food chain
(Producers herbivores carnivores) can be shown
diagrammatically by ‘Ecological pyramids’.
Ecological pyramids was first proposed by British Ecologist,
Charles Elton (1927), and can also be called as ‘Eltonian pyramids’.
There are three types of ecological pyramids
1. Pyramids of Numbers
2. Pyramids of Biomass
3. Pyramids of Energy
14. PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS
It shows the relationship between the producers, herbivores and carnivores in terms of their numbers.
This indicates the number of organisms at every trophic level.
Grassland
Ecosystem
Pond
Ecosystem
Parasitic Food
chain
(Inverted)
15. PYRAMIDS OF BIOMASS
The amount of living material in an organism is called biomass.
Pyramid of biomass shows quantitative relationship existing at various trophic levels.
Forest
Ecosystem
Pond
Ecosystem
(Inverted)
16. PYRAMIDS OF ENERGY
In an ecosystem the pyramid of energy shows the amount of total energy trapped by the organism at
each trophic level in a unit area and time and expressed as kcal/m2/year.
Energy pyramids provide the best picture of overall nature of the ecosystem.
Energy pyramid is always upright in all ecosystems.
