Biogeography
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The document discusses how biogeography provides evidence for common descent. It gives examples of how the animals found on the Galapagos Islands and Hawaiian Islands are closely related to species on the nearest mainland locations, suggesting they evolved from a common ancestor after migrating to the isolated areas. While critics agree this demonstrates microevolution within species, they argue it does not prove all life shares a common ancestor or explain how one species can evolve into another through the mechanisms of neo-Darwinism.
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Patterns of biodiveristy
1. There are various patterns of distribution for different species based on factors like habitat, geography, and climate. No two species have an identical distribution.
2. The causes of distribution patterns vary depending on the taxonomic level from broad families to specific genera.
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Similar to Biogeography
Evolution
Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The evidence for evolution includes fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy across species, and molecular comparisons showing closer genetic relatedness between more closely related organisms. Disruptions to genetic equilibrium such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection can drive evolutionary changes within populations over many generations.
darwin evolution ppt.pptx
The document defines key objectives around evolution and biodiversity. It then provides examples of different mammalian species and groups them by common characteristics. The mechanisms of evolution are described as natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and recombination. Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle is discussed, where he made observations that led to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
Charles Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variation within populations over generations. Prior to Darwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to offspring, while other scientists such as Charles Lyell promoted the idea that the Earth was extremely old. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection combined his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle with Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth and artificial selection of domesticated species by breeders. The modern synthesis combined Darwin's theory with genetics to explain genetic variation and how natural selection leads to adaptation.
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation
The document provides evidence for evolution through natural selection by discussing several key topics:
1. It outlines Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made detailed observations of organisms and fossils that led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
2. It describes key evidence that supports evolution such as the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biochemistry, and embryology that show life has changed over billions of years from common ancestors.
3. It discusses the development of early humans from australopithecines like Lucy to later hominins like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons, showing the evolution of biped
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
This document discusses several key concepts related to the occurrence and mechanisms of evolution:
1. It outlines Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin's influential theories of evolution, including Lamarck's theories of need, use and disuse, and acquired characteristics as well as Darwin's theory of natural selection.
2. It explores the genetic basis of evolution through concepts like population genetics, gene flow, allele frequencies, non-random mating, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3. It examines various evolutionary patterns such as natural selection, genetic drift, speciation, punctuated equilibrium, microevolution, coevolution, convergent evolution, and adaptive radiation.
Pap.macroevolution
Macroevolution examines evolution over long time periods of thousands to millions of years. It studies changes above the species level, including the emergence of new species through speciation and loss of species through extinction. Key areas of study in macroevolution include building phylogenetic trees to demonstrate evolutionary relationships between extinct and modern species based on morphological comparisons, and using molecular analysis to help validate these relationships when possible. Mass extinctions that eliminate large percentages of species are also investigated to better understand causes and patterns of extinction and subsequent radiations as new species evolve to fill open niches.
Evidence for evol. revised 2
The document provides instructions for playing a Kahoot! warm-up game. It instructs students to go to kahoot.it on their phones, wait for the teacher to share the game pin, and enter a name. It then recaps the main ideas of natural selection, including evolution over time, competition for resources, heritable variations, and changes in population genetics. Individuals do not evolve directly, only populations evolve.
Natural Selection
This presentation discusses Natural Selection. Of the world's most amazing ideas in science history.
Biogeo lec 1 the science of biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the spatial patterns of biodiversity and the distributions of organisms over Earth. It seeks to understand why species are confined to certain ranges and how physical and biological factors influence distributions. While history plays a role in explaining some patterns, such as related species found on fragmented lands like Gondwanaland, processes like convergent evolution also shape distributions in similar environments. Biogeographers investigate relationships between patterns and the processes that create them, assuming through uniformitarianism that basic physical and biological laws have remained constant over time.
Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology.htmlI hope you like thi.docx
Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology.htmlI hope you like this video. I think it does a good job of summarizing natural selection.
The Evolution of Life on the Earth
Author(s): Stephen Jay Gould
Source: Scientific American, Vol. 271, No. 4, SPECIAL ISSUE: LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE
(OCTOBER 1994), pp. 84-91
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24942873
Accessed: 21-08-2018 00:39 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
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This content downloaded from 168.16.190.143 on Tue, 21 Aug 2018 00:39:21 UTC
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Copyright 1994 Scientific American, Inc.
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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN October 1994 85
S
ome creators announce their in-
ventions with grand �clat. God
proclaimed, ÒFiat lux,Ó and then
ßooded his new universe with bright-
ness. Others bring forth great discov-
eries in a modest guise, as did Charles
Darwin in deÞning his new mechanism
of evolutionary causality in 1859: ÒI have
called this principle, by which each slight
variation, if useful, is preserved, by the
term Natural Selection.Ó
Natural selection is an immensely
powerful yet beautifully simple theory
that has held up remarkably well, un-
der intense and unrelenting scrutiny
and testing, for 135 years. In essence,
natural selection locates the mechanism
of evolutionary change in a ÒstruggleÓ
among organisms for reproductive suc-
cess, leading to improved Þt of popula-
tions to changing environments. (Strug-
gle is often a metaphorical description
and need not be viewed as overt com-
bat, guns blazing. Tactics for reproduc-
tive success include a variety of non-
martial activities such as earlier and
more frequent mating or better cooper-
ation with partners in raising oÝspring.)
Natural selection is therefore a princi-
ple of local adaptation, not of general
advance or progress.
Yet powerful though the principle
may be, natural selection is not the only
cause of evolutionary change (and may,
in many cases, be overshadowed by oth-
er forces). This point needs emphasis
because the standard misapplication of
evolutionary theory assumes that bio-
logical explanation may be equated with
devising accounts, often speculative and
conjectural in practice, about the ad ...
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It describes how Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution after observing variations between species on his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Darwin proposed that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction. The document then provides examples of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy and biochemistry, and experiments like the Miller-Urey experiment that show how basic organic molecules could have formed on early Earth.
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection. It describes how Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution after observing variations between species on his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Darwin proposed that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that increase an individual's chance of survival and reproduction. The document then provides examples of evidence that support evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy and biochemistry, and experiments simulating early Earth conditions.
Evolution Questions Answered
The document discusses evolution and mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change, including natural selection and genetic drift. Natural selection occurs when some traits are favored over others in an environment, allowing those traits to be presented in future generations. Genetic drift is random changes in small gene pools due to errors in allele propagation. Evidence for evolution includes antibiotic resistance in bacteria due to natural selection, and comparisons of gene similarities between species using DNA, which provides direct evidence of common ancestry.
Evolution
This document discusses key concepts in evolution including:
1. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that species evolve over time through descent with modification from common ancestors and the process of natural selection.
2. Mechanisms of evolution include genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Population genetics studies how allele frequencies change in populations over time.
3. Speciation, the formation of new species, can occur through allopatric or sympatric mechanisms and results in reproductive isolation between species. Modes of speciation include geographical barriers causing allopatric speciation and factors like polyploidy potentially enabling sympatric speciation.
Who was charles darwin powerpoint
This document provides background information on key terms related to evolution such as species, artificial selection, and natural selection. It also discusses an experiment conducted by Charles Darwin to test the effects of saltwater immersion on seed germination. The document outlines instructions for students to design a controlled experiment testing this effect using different types and varieties of seeds. It prompts analysis of the data to determine which plant species survived best and whether results help explain plant colonization of islands.
Evolution unit notes
This document contains unit notes on evolution from Charles Darwin's voyage of the Beagle to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution. It summarizes Darwin's theory of natural selection, noting that there is variation in traits, differential reproduction depending on environmental pressures, and heredity of advantageous traits. Lamarck's theory proposed that use and disuse of organs during an organism's lifetime could influence evolution, and that nature drove organisms to greater complexity over time. The document also discusses using fossil records and comparative anatomy to infer relatedness between species.
Evolutionary psychology
1. The document discusses the foundations of evolutionary psychology and traces the key developments in the field from early theories of evolution to modern understanding.
2. It examines early scientists like Lamarck and Darwin and their contributions to the development of the theory of evolution through natural selection.
3. Later developments included integrating Mendel's work on genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis combining genetics with natural selection.
5.4 Evolution
1. Evolution occurs as populations accumulate heritable changes over generations through a process called natural selection. This results in changes to populations and the emergence of new species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows gradual changes in organisms over geological eras, and homologous structures between organisms, such as pentadactyl limbs, that indicate common ancestry.
3. Natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations. Individuals with traits better suited to the environment tend to survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the traits in a population over many generations.
The Development of Evolutionary TheoryAnthropology 1 Fall.docx
1. The document discusses the development of evolutionary theory from early ideas of biological change to the modern synthesis of genetics and natural selection.
2. Key figures discussed include Darwin, who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, and Wallace, who independently developed the same theory.
3. Natural selection results from variation within populations, competition for limited resources, inheritance of traits, and differential reproductive success of individuals based on advantageous traits in their particular environments.
Darwin
1. Evolution is the process by which life on Earth has changed over time from early forms to the diversity seen today.
2. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859, suggesting that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase survival and reproduction.
3. Speciation, the evolution of new species, occurs when reproductive barriers emerge to prevent interbreeding between populations, most often due to geographical isolation or adaptation to new environments.
Similar to Biogeography (20)
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology.htmlI hope you like thi.docx
Natural Selection - Crash Course Biology.htmlI hope you like thi.docx
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
The Development of Evolutionary TheoryAnthropology 1 Fall.docx
The Development of Evolutionary TheoryAnthropology 1 Fall.docx
More from Melinda MacDonald
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system helps destroy microorganisms, absorbs tissue fluid and transports it back to the bloodstream, and helps fight illnesses and infections. It is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes like B and T cells, the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and bone marrow. Together these parts work to filter lymph, produce white blood cells, and defend the body against pathogens.
Blood
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste throughout the body. It also fights infections through white blood cells and helps regulate temperature. Blood is made up of plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. It exists in different blood types (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factors (+ or -) to prevent incompatible mixing. Diseases can affect blood cells like leukemia and anemia.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - systemic circulation carries blood to the body and pulmonary circulation carries blood to and from the lungs. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then narrows into smaller arterioles and capillaries where nutrients and gases are exchanged with body tissues before returning to the heart through veins. Maintaining healthy blood pressure can prevent circulatory diseases like heart attacks and strokes.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through breathing. Breathing is controlled by the diaphragm muscle contracting and relaxing. Air enters the nose and is warmed and filtered before reaching the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles branch into alveoli where gas exchange occurs and oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide leaves. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Excretory system
The excretory system collects and eliminates waste from the body through various organs including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and then passed out of the body through the urethra. The excretory system works to maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid levels and removing toxins.
Digestive System
The digestive system breaks down food into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Food goes through four steps - ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes produced throughout the digestive system aid in chemical digestion. The major organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
The Skin
The skin is the largest organ of the body and acts as a protective barrier. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis and fatty layer. The skin protects the body from damage, regulates temperature and moisture, produces vitamin D, and detects sensations like touch, temperature and pain. When injured, the skin repairs through processes like scabbing, bruising and wound healing. The skin works to maintain homeostasis by regulating the internal environment and working with other body systems.
Muscular System
The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones to enable movement. Smooth muscles line organs and blood vessels to regulate movement within the body. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Muscles contract and relax to perform functions like movement, stability, protection, and temperature regulation. A healthy diet and exercise are important to maintain strong, healthy muscles. The muscular system also helps maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature and transporting oxygen and waste throughout the body.
The environment and change over time
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations in species on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that tortoises, finches, and other animals had adapted to their environments over time through traits that improved their chances of survival, such as tortoises developing different neck lengths corresponding to the plants available on each island. Darwin's theory explained how evolution can occur gradually through natural selection acting upon heritable variations that increase organisms' likelihood of surviving and reproducing.
DNA and Genetics
DNA contains genes that provide instructions for making proteins. DNA has a double helix structure with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand contains repeating sequences of nucleotides with one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). RNA is similar but single-stranded and helps carry instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cell's protein-making machinery. Mutations can occur during DNA replication, resulting in changes to genes that may cause genetic disorders or beneficial trait variations.
Understanding Inheritance
The document discusses the concepts of inheritance, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and patterns of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes contain genes which control traits, and that offspring inherit genes from both parents. Genotypes are an organism's combination of alleles, while phenotypes are the observable traits. Dominant and recessive alleles can interact in different inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. An organism's environment and multiple genes can also influence phenotypes. Some disorders are caused by recessive or sex-linked genes.
Mendel and his Peas
Gregor Mendel performed experiments with pea plants from 1856 to 1863 to study heredity. He found that pea plants have traits such as flower color and seed shape that are inherited. Through controlled breeding experiments involving over 28,000 pea plants, Mendel discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes, and that some traits are dominant over recessive traits. His findings disproved the prevailing theory of blending inheritance and established the basic principles of genetics.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without meiosis and fertilization, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It occurs through various methods like fission, budding, regeneration, vegetative reproduction, and cloning. Fission involves a prokaryotic cell splitting into two identical daughter cells. Budding occurs when an outgrowth from the parent develops into a new individual. Regeneration involves regrowing a new individual from a fragment of the parent. Vegetative reproduction is seen in plants that produce new individuals from stems, leaves, or other vegetative plant structures. Cloning produces genetically identical copies in a laboratory setting. Asexual reproduction allows for rapid population growth without locating a mate. [/SUMMARY]
Sexual Reproduction & Meiosis
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parent cells to form a new cell. It occurs through meiosis which produces haploid sex cells with half the number of chromosomes and through fertilization where an egg and sperm join. This maintains the diploid number of chromosomes and generates genetic variation in offspring, providing advantages for adaptation and selective breeding.
Levels of Organization (cell to organism)
This document discusses the levels of organization of living things from atoms to organisms. It begins by explaining that all matter is made of atoms which combine to form molecules and cells. Cells make up unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Multicellular organisms are made of many eukaryotic cells that differentiate and organize into tissues and organs to carry out specific functions needed for organism survival.
The Cell Cycle and Division
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes three stages (G1, S, G2) where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The mitotic phase includes mitosis, where the cell nucleus and chromosomes divide, and cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells each with the same genetic material as the original cell. Cell division through the cell cycle enables growth, development, replacement of old/damaged cells, and repair of injuries in multicellular organisms.
Cells and Energy
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. It takes place in two steps - glycolysis in the cytoplasm breaks down glucose, producing some ATP and precursor molecules, while the second step in mitochondria uses oxygen to break down these precursors and produce much more ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used without oxygen to produce less ATP. Photosynthesis converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen through reactions in chloroplasts.
Moving Cellular Material
The document discusses different types of transport across cell membranes. It explains that cell membranes are semipermeable and allow certain materials to pass through. Small molecules can pass through passively via diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion without using energy. Larger molecules and substances moving against a concentration gradient require active transport which uses the cell's energy. Other processes like endocytosis and exocytosis allow larger particles and molecules to enter or exit cells.
The Cell
Cells come in a wide range of sizes, with human egg cells being the largest at around 1/10 the size of a period at the end of a sentence in 12 point font. Bacteria are much smaller, with around 8,000 bacteria able to fit inside a single human egg cell. All cells share some common traits, including a cell membrane that regulates interactions between the cell and its environment, cytoplasm located inside the cell, and hereditary material called DNA that controls the cell. However, plant, bacteria, and other cell types can also contain additional structures like a cell wall, chloroplasts, or flagella.
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原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
How To Change A Name On American Airlines Ticket.pptx
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
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Explore Architectural Wonders and Vibrant Culture With Naples Tours
Discover the historical gems and vivid culture of Naples with our guided tours. From the vivid narrow streets of Spaccanapoli to the ancient ruins of Pompeii, the city offers a mixed bag of adventurous experiences. Book your tickets today https://www.naples.tours/ and experience the best of Naples!
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Biogeography
- 1. biogeography Argument #5 for Common Descent
- 2. biogeography: case for Darwin thought the patterns of distribution of plants and animals could be best explained by descent with modifications from a common ancestor. He used the plants and animals of the Galapagos Islands as an example.
- 3. biogeography: case for Today’s evolutionary biologists give the same answer. The animals of the Galapagos Islands are similar to the mainland animals because they are descendants of animals that migrated from South America. The biological diversity because the animals adapted in different ways after arriving in their new environments.
- 4. biogeography: case for The Galapagos has many of the species that are on the mainland of South America, but the opposite is not true. Why is this important? This shows that the species migrated to the Islands and not the other way around. The Galapagos species also are able to travel long distances over water. You do not find large land animals from the mainland on the Islands.
- 5. biogeography: case for On the Hawaiian Islands there are hundreds of species of fruit flies. They are not found anywhere else in the world! Why are there so many fruit flies in this one remote location? “The biological explanation for the multiplicity of related species in remote localities is that such great diversity is a consequence of their evolution from a few common ancestors that colonized an isolated environment.” - The National Academy of Sciences
- 6. biogeography: case for online resources http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/lines_11 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_40 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/1/l_041_01.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/index.html#biodiversity_and_biogeography http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Filson.html http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/geographic_distribution.html http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/biogeography.html http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024&page=15
- 7. biogeography: a reply Most critics of neo-Darwinism would agree that, for example, the mockingbirds of the Galapagos Islands have a common ancestor. They say that the evidence does support the idea that these birds have changed in response to their environment. This is referring to one of the definitions of evolution (microevolution). The problem is though, that this does not show that all creatures, everywhere, have one common ancestor, which is the other definitions of evolution.
- 8. biogeography: a reply Critics will also say that if Universal Common Descent is true, then there must be a method for producing this change. A change that is large enough to change one species to another completely different species. The changes that occur in the mockingbirds and the fruit flies are not enough to create a new species.
- 9. biogeography: a reply Some geneticists think that these changes are because the birds and fruit flies became isolated, and lost genetic information over time. There are examples of species that live on isolated islands that have lost some of the genetic information necessary to produce the traits that are seen in their ancestors. This creates a problem, because large scale macroevolution change requires the addition of new genetic information, not the loss of it.
- 10. biogeography: a reply resources Evolution Exposed by Roger Patterson Speciation - page 57-67 Homology - page 68-72 Fossils (transitional) - page 73-74 Molecular Homology - page 74-75 Embryology - page 95-96 Refuting Evolution by Jonathan Sarfati The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design by Jonathan Wells
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