This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Insular fauna is the fauna situated on an island. There are different types of islands and they are different from each other because of their age and there way of emergence. There are Continental Islands, Oceanic islands and ancient islands.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved
Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Fish usually migrate to feed or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear.
Migrations involve the fish moving from one part of a water body to another on a regular basis. Some particular types of migration are anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn, and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to spawn.
Marine forage fish often make large migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Movements are associated with ocean currents and with the availability of food in different areas at different times of year. The migratory movements may partly be linked to the fact that the fish cannot identify their own offspring and moving in this way prevents cannibalism. Some species have been described by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as highly migratory species. These are large pelagic fish that move in and out of the exclusive economic zones of different nations, and these are covered differently in the treaty from other fish.
Salmon and striped bass are well-known anadromous fish, and freshwater eels are catadromous fish that make large migrations. The bull shark is a euryhaline species that moves at will from fresh to salt water, and many marine fish make a diel vertical migration, rising to the surface to feed at night and sinking to lower layers of the ocean by day. Some fish such as tuna move to the north and south at different times of year following temperature gradients. The patterns of migration are of great interest to the fishing industry. Movements of fish in fresh water also occur; often the fish swim upriver to spawn, and these traditional movements are increasingly being disrupted by the building of dams.
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Insular fauna is the fauna situated on an island. There are different types of islands and they are different from each other because of their age and there way of emergence. There are Continental Islands, Oceanic islands and ancient islands.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved
Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres. Fish usually migrate to feed or to reproduce, but in other cases the reasons are unclear.
Migrations involve the fish moving from one part of a water body to another on a regular basis. Some particular types of migration are anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn, and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh water and migrate into salt water to spawn.
Marine forage fish often make large migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Movements are associated with ocean currents and with the availability of food in different areas at different times of year. The migratory movements may partly be linked to the fact that the fish cannot identify their own offspring and moving in this way prevents cannibalism. Some species have been described by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as highly migratory species. These are large pelagic fish that move in and out of the exclusive economic zones of different nations, and these are covered differently in the treaty from other fish.
Salmon and striped bass are well-known anadromous fish, and freshwater eels are catadromous fish that make large migrations. The bull shark is a euryhaline species that moves at will from fresh to salt water, and many marine fish make a diel vertical migration, rising to the surface to feed at night and sinking to lower layers of the ocean by day. Some fish such as tuna move to the north and south at different times of year following temperature gradients. The patterns of migration are of great interest to the fishing industry. Movements of fish in fresh water also occur; often the fish swim upriver to spawn, and these traditional movements are increasingly being disrupted by the building of dams.
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
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This ppt discusses the different aspects of regional classification of zoogeographic regions. It puts emphasis on the where and why, climate and all the aspects of discoverability.
Continental Synthesis - Africa biodiversity course 2021 Fatima Parker-AllieFatima Parker-Allie
This presentation provides a synthesis of biodiversity patterns on the African Continent. It also includes some of the biodiversity informatics efforts that has been taking place in Africa
A presentation on ecozone mainly discuss Neotropical ecozone.
it mainly contain contries of neotropical regions and species flora and fauna of the region.
Palaerarctic region.the zoogeographical separation and distribution of animal...Anand P P
zoogeography mean that simply state that distribution of animals on the basics of geography.several zoogeography area present.palaearctic region have a special type of organisms distribution
Ethoipian Region
Distribution of animals
Common Names
Scientific Names
Habitat
Feeding Habits
General Characteristics
Represented Images
Geographical region
Grade 10 ICSE Geography Project on the various climatic regions present around the world, on planet Earth.
Grade 9 Geography Project
Copyright (c) 2021 - 2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Zoogeography
• Branch of biology concerned with the distribution of
all the animals, invertebrates and vertebrates, the
terrestrial and aquatic, over the whole world.
• Distribution can be studied at 3 levels-
Geographical (over the whole world)
Regional (in selected segments of the world)
Local (geographical distribution of a species in relation to
each other and in relation to ecology and evolution)
3. Philip Sclater (1858) and Alfred Wallace (1876)
identified the main zoogeographic regions of the
world used today-
1. Palearctic region
2. Nearctic region
3. Neotropical region
4. Ethiopian region
5. Oriental region
6. Australian region
6. • Includes northern part of Old World. Extends over whole of Europe, China, Japan, North
Sahara, Siberia, Mediterranean Sea zone of North Africa and Manchuria, south-west Asia,
North of Himalayas and the north of Arabia.
• Bounded by sea to the west, east and north and by Sahara and Himalayas to the south.
• Climate is chiefly temperate with an arctic fringe.
• Includes both wet and dry open Steppe land, large areas of coniferous forests and a fringe of
tundra; deciduous forest; wide variation of temperature and great fluctuation in rainfall.
• Fauna exhibits variations in the climatic and vegetational subdivisions. It is richest in warmer
areas and diminishes northward.
• This region possesses a total of 135 families of terrestrial vertebrates (33 families of
mammals, 68 birds, 24 reptiles, 10 amphibian , 13 freshwater fishes.)
• Subdivided into –
European sub region
Mediterranean sub region
Siberian sub region
Manchurian sub region
10. • Includes North America above tropics, Greenland, Iceland and Mexican
plateau.
• Except for a narrow strip of Central America it is completely cut off from all
other regions by sea.
• Resembles Palearctic region in climatic conditions.
• Exhibits extreme variations in temperature and varied climatic conditions.
• Has extensive mountain ranges in the west running from north to south.
• North is the arctic belt of Greenland, followed by coniferous belts,
deciduous or mixed forests, extensive grasslands and arid zones.
• The region is much less rich in fauna than other regions, mainly transitional
representing a mixture of fauna of Palearctic and Neotropical regions.
• This region possesses a total of 120 families of vertebrates (26 families of
mammals, 4 birds, 21 reptiles, 14 amphibian , 24 fishes.)
• Subdivided into-
• Californian sub region
• Rocky Mountain sub region
• Alleghany sub region
• Canadian sub region
14. • Includes South America, Central America, tropical lowland of South
Mexico and West Indies.
• Presents tropical conditions except southern part of South America
which constitutes south temperate zones.
• Extensive rain forests or evergreen forests are found in Amazon valley,
tracts of dry forests or grassy plains in Savannah and Argentina, and
sub-desert areas are present in western South America.
• West has long range of Andes which has high mountains.
• Fauna is both distinctive and varied.
• Rich in endemic families of all classes.
• The region has 155 families of terrestrial vertebrates, out of which 33
are endemic.
• Subdivided into –
• Chilean sub region
• Brazilian sub region
• Mexican sub region
• Antillean sub region
18. • Includes Africa south of Sahara, Madagascar and South Arabia.
• Has land continuity with its northern neighbor (Palearctic) but the
Sahara desert acts as an effective barrier between the two. Remaining
sides are surrounded by sea.
• Africa is a tropical country. It has large blocks of lofty evergreen
forests in the equatorial region, mountainous region and wide grassy
plains in the eastern part. Southern part is warm temperate with mixed
vegetation.
• Vertebrate fauna is rich and well marked with a number of endemic
genera and families present because of extensive equatorial forests
and swamps as well as grasslands.
• There are 161 families of terrestrial vertebrates in this region.
• Subdivided into-
• East African sub region
• West African sub region
• South African sub region
• Malagasy sub region
23. • Includes India, south of Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java,
Philippines and South China.
• Bounded by Himalayas in the north and in the west separated from Palearctic by
mountains and desert of eastern Iran, but there is no physical boundary in the south-
east corner.
• Known for its varied physical features.
• Northern India is temperate, eastern part including Myanmar and N.E. Asia has rain
forests; western penninsula is part desert and southern part of India has tropical
forests.
• Fauna exhibits considerable resemblance with that of Ethiopian region.
• Subdivided into-
• Indian sub region
• Indo- China sub region
• Ceylonese sub region
• Indo-malayan sub region
28. • Includes Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Tasmania,
Moluccas and neighboring islands.
• Region is partly tropical and partly temperate.
• New Guinea is tropical and mostly covered with rain forests.
• Northern part of Australia is tropical but most of the interior is arid.
• Tasmania is cool and temperate.
• Fauna is unique and primitive.
• Most peculiar feature is the absence of higher placental mammals
and the region contains many primitive forms, marsupials and
monotremes are found only in this region.
• Subdivided into-
• Austro-malayan sub region
• Australian sub region
• Polynesian sub region
• New Zealand
31. Animal Distribution
Distribution of animals in space
Geographical distribution
Bathymetric distribution
Distribution of animals in time or geological distribution
Two aspects of animal
distribution-
Patterns of animal distribution-
1. Cosmopolitan distribution
2. Discontinuous distribution
3. Bipolar distribution
32. Factors affecting distribution
• Animal are found to occupy all diverse habitats wherever life is possible
but the animals found in different regions, different areas and different
localities are not identical.
• These exhibit several complications in their distribution pattern.
• The irregularities in distribution are mainly on account of faulty or non-
uniform dispersal of animals which is governed by several factors.
• These factors which control or check migration and dispersal of animals are
known as barriers.
33. Barriers to dispersal
• Barriers are the factors which hinder in the normal distribution of animals.
• Maybe either vast tracks of territory inhospitable to a species or narrow
bands of environment that may act as narrow fences, preventing species
migration to new regions.
• All natural barriers can be categorized into 3 categories-
Physical barriers
Climatic barriers
Biological barriers
34. Physical barriers
i. Topographical barriers
ii. Large bodies of water and
land masses
iii. Impurity and lack of salinity
of sea water, and
iv. Vegetative barriers
v. Sheer distance
Mozambique
Channel
35. Climatic or Ecological barriers
i. Temperature
ii. Moisture
iii. Amount of light
Biological barriers
i. Sedentary habit
ii. Home range or territoriality
36. Means of dispersal
i. Natural rafts and driftwoods
ii. Wind
iii. Storms
iv. Land bridges
v. Transportation by animals capable of
flight
vi. Human agency