Groundwater
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Groundwater and surface water are interconnected through the hydrologic cycle and comprise our water resources. However, extraction and pollution are threatening these resources. Over-pumping of aquifers like the High Plains Aquifer has caused water tables to drop significantly. The Middle East is also over-pumping groundwater, causing saltwater intrusion. Once polluted, groundwater remains contaminated for a long time since it flows more slowly than surface water. Increased water demand and improper management are reducing available fresh water supplies globally. Sustainable practices are needed to protect this vital resource for the future.
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Ground water
Groundwater exists below the Earth's surface within the pore spaces and fractures of rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt that percolates underground, where it moves slowly through the saturated zone and eventually resurfaces in streams, lakes, or oceans. The movement and storage of groundwater is dependent on the porosity, permeability, and saturation of geological formations. When groundwater is pumped from wells faster than it can recharge, water tables decline and other issues like land subsidence can occur. Groundwater supports various geological features and processes near the surface.
Groundwater exploration methods
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
Saltwater intrusion
Global warming is causing rising sea levels which is leading to saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers. Saltwater intrusion occurs when salt water moves into fresh water sources underground. It is a problem near coastal areas and is caused by rising sea levels, high freshwater consumption, oil drilling, lack of rain, and excessive pumping of freshwater from aquifers. This contamination of freshwater aquifers affects human activities and wildlife. Solutions include building pools to redirect saltwater back to the ocean, reducing freshwater usage and waste near coastal areas, educating the public, and implementing protective government policies.
GROUNDWATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION
Groundwater levels fluctuate due to various factors. Secular variations occur over years due to changes in storage and recharge/discharge amounts. Seasonal variations result from rainfall and irrigation on well-defined cycles. Diurnal variations happen within a day due to tidal effects. Other causes of groundwater level changes include stream flows, evaporation, transpiration, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, ocean tides, earth tides, external loads, earthquakes, urbanization, volcanic eruptions, roads, and continental drift.
Estimation of Groundwater Potential
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
Ground water
This document defines groundwater as water present beneath the Earth's surface, within soil pores and fractures in rock formations. An aquifer is a unit of rock or sediment that yields usable water. The water table marks the depth where pores and fractures become fully saturated. Groundwater is extracted via wells for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses. Its study is called hydrogeology. Springs form when aquifers fill to the point of overflowing onto land. Pumping a well creates a cone of depression in the water table or pressure levels around the well. The size of this cone depends on factors like the pumping rate, aquifer properties, storage, and thickness.
Chapter 3 Fetter Properties of Aquifers
This document discusses key properties and concepts related to aquifers and groundwater flow. It defines terms like porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and water table. It describes different types of aquifers such as unconfined, confined, and perched aquifers. Pumping from confined aquifers can create a cone of depression. Storativity describes how much water an aquifer can gain or lose from storage. Aquifer units can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, isotropic, or anisotropic depending on their properties.
Sub surface water
Subsurface water exists below the surface of the soil in two zones: the unsaturated zone (zone of aeration) and the saturated zone (zone of saturation). The unsaturated zone includes soil water and the saturated zone includes groundwater. The water table separates these two zones. In the saturated zone, all pore spaces are filled with water, while in the unsaturated zone pores are partially filled. The unsaturated zone contains three sub-zones: the soil water zone where water is immediately available to plants, the intermediate zone, and the capillary fringe where water rises through capillary action.
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Ground water
Groundwater exists below the Earth's surface within the pore spaces and fractures of rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt that percolates underground, where it moves slowly through the saturated zone and eventually resurfaces in streams, lakes, or oceans. The movement and storage of groundwater is dependent on the porosity, permeability, and saturation of geological formations. When groundwater is pumped from wells faster than it can recharge, water tables decline and other issues like land subsidence can occur. Groundwater supports various geological features and processes near the surface.
Groundwater exploration methods
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
Saltwater intrusion
Global warming is causing rising sea levels which is leading to saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers. Saltwater intrusion occurs when salt water moves into fresh water sources underground. It is a problem near coastal areas and is caused by rising sea levels, high freshwater consumption, oil drilling, lack of rain, and excessive pumping of freshwater from aquifers. This contamination of freshwater aquifers affects human activities and wildlife. Solutions include building pools to redirect saltwater back to the ocean, reducing freshwater usage and waste near coastal areas, educating the public, and implementing protective government policies.
GROUNDWATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION
Groundwater levels fluctuate due to various factors. Secular variations occur over years due to changes in storage and recharge/discharge amounts. Seasonal variations result from rainfall and irrigation on well-defined cycles. Diurnal variations happen within a day due to tidal effects. Other causes of groundwater level changes include stream flows, evaporation, transpiration, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, ocean tides, earth tides, external loads, earthquakes, urbanization, volcanic eruptions, roads, and continental drift.
Estimation of Groundwater Potential
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
Ground water
This document defines groundwater as water present beneath the Earth's surface, within soil pores and fractures in rock formations. An aquifer is a unit of rock or sediment that yields usable water. The water table marks the depth where pores and fractures become fully saturated. Groundwater is extracted via wells for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses. Its study is called hydrogeology. Springs form when aquifers fill to the point of overflowing onto land. Pumping a well creates a cone of depression in the water table or pressure levels around the well. The size of this cone depends on factors like the pumping rate, aquifer properties, storage, and thickness.
Chapter 3 Fetter Properties of Aquifers
This document discusses key properties and concepts related to aquifers and groundwater flow. It defines terms like porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and water table. It describes different types of aquifers such as unconfined, confined, and perched aquifers. Pumping from confined aquifers can create a cone of depression. Storativity describes how much water an aquifer can gain or lose from storage. Aquifer units can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, isotropic, or anisotropic depending on their properties.
Sub surface water
Subsurface water exists below the surface of the soil in two zones: the unsaturated zone (zone of aeration) and the saturated zone (zone of saturation). The unsaturated zone includes soil water and the saturated zone includes groundwater. The water table separates these two zones. In the saturated zone, all pore spaces are filled with water, while in the unsaturated zone pores are partially filled. The unsaturated zone contains three sub-zones: the soil water zone where water is immediately available to plants, the intermediate zone, and the capillary fringe where water rises through capillary action.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
groundwater pollution
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
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This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting groundwater at a higher rate than natural conditions. Areas suitable for recharge are identified as those with declining water levels. Methods of recharge discussed include surface spreading using basins and tanks, as well as sub-surface techniques like recharge wells, pits, and shafts. Induced recharge is also covered. The document concludes that artificial recharge can increase groundwater availability and quality while reducing runoff, though sustainable management is still needed.
Chapter 1 occurrence of groundwater
Groundwater occurs beneath the Earth's surface in pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt percolating into the ground. Groundwater is found everywhere but is usually within 750 meters of the surface. It makes up about 1% of the total water on Earth but 35 times the amount of water in streams and lakes. Groundwater flows through the hydrologic cycle, entering the ground as precipitation and eventually emerging in streams, lakes, or oceans.
Artificial recharge of groundwater
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as replenishing groundwater reservoirs through human activities. It then outlines the need for artificial recharge to improve water quality, conserve excess water, and enhance yields. The document describes various methods of artificial recharge including direct surface methods like flooding, basins, and streams as well as indirect subsurface methods like injection wells and fracturing. It also provides two case studies and discusses the advantages of artificial recharge like increased well yields and improved water quality.
Aquifers
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
Type of groundwater ppt jai narayan vyas university jodhpur
This document summarizes the different types and occurrence of groundwater. It outlines that groundwater is the water found underground that has seeped through the soil and rock. Groundwater can be classified into 7 types based on its origin: 1) juvenile water which includes magmatic, volcanic, and cosmic water 2) meteoric water from rainfall 3) connate water trapped in sediments during deposition and often saline 4) metamorphic water 5) re-juvenated water 6) internal water 7) marine water. The document also notes that groundwater occurs in the zone of aeration underground where rain and snowmelt can permeate through cracks and pores in soil and rock.
Aquifer Parameter Estimation
1) A pumping test was conducted where a well was pumped at 2500 m3/day and drawdowns were measured in an observation well 60 m away at various times.
2) The transmissivity and storativity of the confined aquifer were estimated using the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods in AquiferTest software by analyzing the linear relationship between the logarithm of time and drawdown.
3) The accuracy of the aquifer parameter estimates depends on maintaining a constant pumping rate and measuring drawdowns at appropriate time intervals in multiple observation wells.
Hydrogeology
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
Conjunctive use of water and water budgeting
Conjunctive use of water involves using multiple water sources like groundwater and surface water together to provide sustained irrigation that meets crop demands. It allows for greater water supply security and yield by taking advantage of natural groundwater storage and the ability to rapidly deploy groundwater when other sources are limited. This helps ensure better timing of irrigation, reduces environmental impacts, prevents water scarcity in remote regions, creates equal water distribution, and meets crop demands in a reliable way.
Sea water intrusion
Saltwater intrusion occurs when saline water from the ocean moves into freshwater aquifers located near the coast. It is often caused by groundwater pumping or construction activities that provide pathways for saltwater. Saltwater intrusion impacts freshwater resources and can lead to the loss of vegetation. The Ghyben-Herzberg relation describes the interaction between fresh and saltwater, and estimates that for every foot of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 feet below. Management strategies aim to maintain groundwater levels and include conservation, alternative water sources, recharge, and monitoring wells.
Groundwater 1
Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
Ground water| Facts of Ground water
In this powerpoint presentation you will be able to have a complete presentation about the topic and you can easily present it as yours.
Application of remote sensing and gis for groundwater
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
Hydraulic conductivity( Darcy's law)
The document discusses hydraulic conductivity, which measures the ability of a material like soil or rock to transmit fluids through pores and fractures under an applied hydraulic gradient. It describes hydraulic conductivity as being important for calculating groundwater movement rates and outlines experimental and empirical methods for determining it in the field or laboratory, such as constant head tests, falling head tests, or correlations with soil properties. Hydraulic conductivity is the constant in Darcy's Law and is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium per unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to flow.
Ground water exploration
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration, including the lithological method. It begins with an introduction about groundwater and the need to explore new sources as existing shallow sources are depleted. The objectives of groundwater exploration are to identify locations where it is available through regional and detailed surveys. Surface exploration methods are described, including the lithological method of studying rock characteristics. Key concepts like porosity, permeability, lineaments, faults and joints are also explained in the context of understanding subsurface groundwater distribution. The conclusion states that lithological analysis is a basic first step to aid other exploration methods.
Chapter 4 groundwater hydrology
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
Sea Water Intrusion
Most of the world's population lives near coastal areas and relies on groundwater as a source of freshwater. As populations and water usage increase, aquifers are being depleted, causing issues like saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion occurs when denser saltwater moves into freshwater aquifers due to changes in water pressure. The Ghyben-Herzberg principle states that for every meter of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 meters below. Remedial measures to control intrusion include monitoring water levels, restricting pumping, using alternative water sources, and artificially recharging aquifers.
27 nov16 conjunctive_use_planning_in_a_canal_command_for_food_security
CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING IN A CANAL
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DEEPAK KHARE
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Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
The Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle give knowledge about how water evaporate transpiration and precipitate in atmosphere...It is also give ratios and percentage of water stored in different region how we can utilize it from this cycle, It is complete study of Water cycle travelling in earths surface and sub-surface.
Hydro cycle
- 96.5% of Earth's total water is stored in the oceans. The volume of the oceans changes over time due to glacial and interglacial periods which cause sea levels to rise and fall.
- Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that change liquid water into vapor that can rise into the atmosphere, with 90% from evaporation and 10% from transpiration.
- Only 0.001% of Earth's total water volume is stored in the atmosphere, with the vast majority found in the oceans, glaciers, ice caps, and groundwater.
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ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
groundwater pollution
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
Artificial ground water recharge ppt
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting groundwater at a higher rate than natural conditions. Areas suitable for recharge are identified as those with declining water levels. Methods of recharge discussed include surface spreading using basins and tanks, as well as sub-surface techniques like recharge wells, pits, and shafts. Induced recharge is also covered. The document concludes that artificial recharge can increase groundwater availability and quality while reducing runoff, though sustainable management is still needed.
Chapter 1 occurrence of groundwater
Groundwater occurs beneath the Earth's surface in pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments. It originates from rainfall and snowmelt percolating into the ground. Groundwater is found everywhere but is usually within 750 meters of the surface. It makes up about 1% of the total water on Earth but 35 times the amount of water in streams and lakes. Groundwater flows through the hydrologic cycle, entering the ground as precipitation and eventually emerging in streams, lakes, or oceans.
Artificial recharge of groundwater
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as replenishing groundwater reservoirs through human activities. It then outlines the need for artificial recharge to improve water quality, conserve excess water, and enhance yields. The document describes various methods of artificial recharge including direct surface methods like flooding, basins, and streams as well as indirect subsurface methods like injection wells and fracturing. It also provides two case studies and discusses the advantages of artificial recharge like increased well yields and improved water quality.
Aquifers
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water. Aquifers can be confined or unconfined. A confined aquifer is separated from the surface by an impermeable layer, while an unconfined aquifer allows water to seep directly from the surface above. Natural recharge of unconfined aquifers occurs through downward percolation of excess water, while confined aquifers recharge where the aquifer reaches the surface. Infiltration galleries are underground tunnels constructed with holes to intercept groundwater flowing towards lakes or rivers and collect it for extraction.
Type of groundwater ppt jai narayan vyas university jodhpur
This document summarizes the different types and occurrence of groundwater. It outlines that groundwater is the water found underground that has seeped through the soil and rock. Groundwater can be classified into 7 types based on its origin: 1) juvenile water which includes magmatic, volcanic, and cosmic water 2) meteoric water from rainfall 3) connate water trapped in sediments during deposition and often saline 4) metamorphic water 5) re-juvenated water 6) internal water 7) marine water. The document also notes that groundwater occurs in the zone of aeration underground where rain and snowmelt can permeate through cracks and pores in soil and rock.
Aquifer Parameter Estimation
1) A pumping test was conducted where a well was pumped at 2500 m3/day and drawdowns were measured in an observation well 60 m away at various times.
2) The transmissivity and storativity of the confined aquifer were estimated using the Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods in AquiferTest software by analyzing the linear relationship between the logarithm of time and drawdown.
3) The accuracy of the aquifer parameter estimates depends on maintaining a constant pumping rate and measuring drawdowns at appropriate time intervals in multiple observation wells.
Hydrogeology
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
Conjunctive use of water and water budgeting
Conjunctive use of water involves using multiple water sources like groundwater and surface water together to provide sustained irrigation that meets crop demands. It allows for greater water supply security and yield by taking advantage of natural groundwater storage and the ability to rapidly deploy groundwater when other sources are limited. This helps ensure better timing of irrigation, reduces environmental impacts, prevents water scarcity in remote regions, creates equal water distribution, and meets crop demands in a reliable way.
Sea water intrusion
Saltwater intrusion occurs when saline water from the ocean moves into freshwater aquifers located near the coast. It is often caused by groundwater pumping or construction activities that provide pathways for saltwater. Saltwater intrusion impacts freshwater resources and can lead to the loss of vegetation. The Ghyben-Herzberg relation describes the interaction between fresh and saltwater, and estimates that for every foot of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 feet below. Management strategies aim to maintain groundwater levels and include conservation, alternative water sources, recharge, and monitoring wells.
Groundwater 1
Groundwater is found underground in soil and rock pores and fractures. It is an important source of freshwater. Groundwater exists in three zones: the saturated zone where all pores are full of water, the capillary fringe just above it, and the aeration zone above that. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone. Groundwater interacts with streams, which can gain or lose water from interactions with the water table. Factors like porosity, permeability, and the slope of the water table influence groundwater storage and movement. Groundwater can emerge as springs, hot springs, or geysers, and be accessed via wells. Excessive pumping can cause problems like subsidence and saltwater contamination.
Ground water| Facts of Ground water
In this powerpoint presentation you will be able to have a complete presentation about the topic and you can easily present it as yours.
Application of remote sensing and gis for groundwater
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
Hydraulic conductivity( Darcy's law)
The document discusses hydraulic conductivity, which measures the ability of a material like soil or rock to transmit fluids through pores and fractures under an applied hydraulic gradient. It describes hydraulic conductivity as being important for calculating groundwater movement rates and outlines experimental and empirical methods for determining it in the field or laboratory, such as constant head tests, falling head tests, or correlations with soil properties. Hydraulic conductivity is the constant in Darcy's Law and is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium per unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to flow.
Ground water exploration
This document discusses methods for groundwater exploration, including the lithological method. It begins with an introduction about groundwater and the need to explore new sources as existing shallow sources are depleted. The objectives of groundwater exploration are to identify locations where it is available through regional and detailed surveys. Surface exploration methods are described, including the lithological method of studying rock characteristics. Key concepts like porosity, permeability, lineaments, faults and joints are also explained in the context of understanding subsurface groundwater distribution. The conclusion states that lithological analysis is a basic first step to aid other exploration methods.
Chapter 4 groundwater hydrology
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
Sea Water Intrusion
Most of the world's population lives near coastal areas and relies on groundwater as a source of freshwater. As populations and water usage increase, aquifers are being depleted, causing issues like saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion occurs when denser saltwater moves into freshwater aquifers due to changes in water pressure. The Ghyben-Herzberg principle states that for every meter of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 meters below. Remedial measures to control intrusion include monitoring water levels, restricting pumping, using alternative water sources, and artificially recharging aquifers.
27 nov16 conjunctive_use_planning_in_a_canal_command_for_food_security
CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING IN A CANAL
COMMAND FOR FOOD SECURITY
Presented by
DEEPAK KHARE
Professor
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
What's hot (20)
Type of groundwater ppt jai narayan vyas university jodhpur
Type of groundwater ppt jai narayan vyas university jodhpur
Application of remote sensing and gis for groundwater
Application of remote sensing and gis for groundwater
27 nov16 conjunctive_use_planning_in_a_canal_command_for_food_security
27 nov16 conjunctive_use_planning_in_a_canal_command_for_food_security
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The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. The three main stages are evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration move water from oceans and plants into the atmosphere, where water vapor condenses and falls as precipitation. Precipitation provides the primary mechanism for delivering atmospheric water to the Earth's surface, where it runs off into streams and rivers or infiltrates into soils and groundwater. The hydrologic cycle is powered by energy from the sun and is crucial for sustaining life on Earth.
Sources of Water in India
There are plenty of sources of water in India. It is critical to know your source of water supply to choose the best water purification technology for safe drinking water.
Unit4
This document discusses groundwater concepts including:
- Groundwater occurs below the earth's surface and its movement is controlled by the porosity and permeability of geological materials.
- Aquifers are geological formations that yield significant water quantities while aquitards impede groundwater movement.
- The water table delineates the saturated and unsaturated zones. It fluctuates seasonally and due to pumping which causes cones of depression.
- Groundwater flow depends on factors like hydraulic gradients, bedding planes, faults and the permeability of geological materials.
Water resourses of pakistan, nadeem ashraf
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
water resources
Fresh water resources are critical for human and environmental needs. While water covers most of the Earth, only 3% is fresh water. The majority is frozen in glaciers and ice caps, while the remaining unfrozen fresh water exists as groundwater, surface water, or atmospheric water. Groundwater levels are declining in many regions due to excessive human use. Surface water comes from rivers, lakes, and wetlands, but human activities like reservoir construction and wetland drainage have large impacts on water resources. Underground river networks also contribute substantial water flow. Groundwater exists below the ground in soil and rock and is replenished by surface water, but humans can deplete it unsustainably through overuse or pollution. Desalination of
Water resourse
The document discusses water resources and related topics. It begins by introducing the student project and listing the contents to be covered, which include the hydrosphere, features of water, types of water resources, uses of water, the water cycle, water as a precious resource, freshwater resources, water pollution, water-related diseases, floods, droughts, and dams. It then provides details on these topics, describing things like the water cycle, groundwater resources, surface water resources, uses of water in agriculture, industry, domestic applications, and hydropower generation. It also discusses issues like water pollution, diseases related to water, and environmental problems caused by dams.
Water resources
Roof
The document discusses water resources in India. It notes that only 0.014% of the Earth's water is readily available as freshwater. In India, the total annual precipitation is 4000 billion cubic meters, but average annual runoff is only 1896 billion cubic meters due to evaporation losses. Per capita water availability in India is declining as the population grows. The key sources of water discussed are surface water sources like rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and groundwater sources like wells and springs. Agriculture, industry, and domestic use are the major consumers of India's water resources, utilizing about 34% of the reliable annual runoff. Overutilization of water resources is a growing problem and can lead to issues like water
Water resources
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
Arpita & Gazal (Ground Water)
Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface that fills pore spaces of soil and fractures in rock. It is recharged from precipitation and flows through aquifers, which are underground layers of permeable materials like sand or gravel, until reaching streams, wells, or other discharge points. Pumping groundwater can lower water tables and reduce stream flows, and contaminants on the surface can pollute groundwater sources over time as the water flows through the aquifer. Lowered water tables and reduced flows can negatively impact the environment.
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Groundwater
- 1. Ground Water and Water Resources
- 2. Overview The supply of water available for use Groundwater aquifers examples of aquifers as resources Global distribution of water resources Pollution
- 3. Water Resources Very little of the earth’s water is available in a form directly utilizable by people; that is, as water resources. Most surface water resources come from surplus (SURPL) utilization Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
- 4. Groundwater Groundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth, but is affected by surface supply Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth’s spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle Percolation
- 5. Groundwater Concepts Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water, many contain air Water then accumulates in the zone of saturation all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table controls the movement of surface water
- 6. Porosity describes the size, shape, arrangement, cementation, and compaction of subsurface material Permeable/Impermeable Whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of water Aquifer A layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts unconsolidated aquifer: loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer: porous rock, often sandstone or limestone Aquiclude A layer of rock that is impermeable to water flow in usable amounts
- 7. Confined Aquifer A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers An aquifer between two aquicludes Unconfined Aquifer An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude Perched Aquifer an aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
- 8. Intersections of the water table with the surface Springs: groundwater flows out of the ground Effluent streams: supplied by surrounding aquifer Influent streams: supply the local aquifer Artesian water Water in confined aquifers are under the pressure of their own weight, creating a pressure level (potentiometric surface), beneath this surface, water flows from the pressure of its weight
- 9. Aquifer recharge area Surface area where water enters an aquifer to recharge it. Differ for confined and unconfined aquifers Drawdown Lowering of the water table due to removal of water Occurs if rate of pumping or removal exceeds the horizontal flow of water in the aquifer Cone of depression The shape of the drawn down water table surrounding a well
- 10. Groundwater mining The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers: water in aquifers often provide support for the porous rock, its removal could result in the rock collapsing, in which case the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced Seawater intrusion Contamination of an aquifer by seawater due to over-pumping the aquifer
- 15. High Plains Aquifer World’s largest known aquifer Charged from the meltwaters of retreating glaciers Only moderate precipitation today Heavy groundwater mining over the past 100 years, the last 50 especially 120,000 wells provide water for 14 million acres (170,000 wells in 1978), pumping 26 billion cubic meters of water per year Water table has dropped 30 meters over last 50 years, averaging a 2 meter drop per year since 1980. If mining stopped, it would take 1000 years to recharge Water used to irrigate grain crops (wheat, sorghum and corn, providing 40% of cattle feed) and cotton Projected: Half of the area (2/3 of Texas portion) destroyed by 2020.
- 18. The Middle East Groundwater supplies are rapidly being depleted Salt water incursion for tens of kilometers inland in Saudi Arabia Solutions: Desalinization plants 4000 in the world, 60% in Saudi Arabia Pipeline from Turkey
- 19. Global Water Resources Supply and demand for water are not evenly distributed over the world Supply is affected by climatic variability Demand is a product of: population (and growth) level of development agriculture relies on precipitation (PRECIP), augmented by irrigation (SURPL, ΔSTRG) industry relies more heavily on surplus water affluence accessibility Increased demand for water results in greater reliance on the utilization of surface and ground water (SURPL and STRG) can cause rivers to run dry (Colorado R., Yellow R.)
- 23. Pollution Groundwater flows at a slower rate than surface water Surface water contamination is quickly purged (elsewhere) Groundwater contamination is permanent and difficult to remediate Sources: industry, landfills, hazardous and toxic waste dumps, agriculture (herbicides, pesticides and fertilizer), septic tanks 10,000 suspected leaking gas tanks at service stations nationwide Surface water contamination concentrates pollutants downstream High cancer rates in New Orleans Dead Zone in Gulf of Mexico