There are four main methods to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats: direct use and blending, transesterification, pyrolysis, and microemulsions. Transesterification is the most common process, which uses a catalyst like sodium hydroxide to react triglycerides with alcohol, producing biodiesel and glycerin. Pyrolysis involves thermal cracking of oils at 250-350°C to reduce viscosity. Microemulsions create a stable mixture of oil, water, and surfactant to improve properties. Biodiesel has benefits over petroleum diesel like being renewable, having lower emissions, and similar fuel characteristics.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of
triglycérides present in animal fat or vegetable oils, by
displacing glycerine with a low molar mass atcobol. This
resulting ester mixture has physico-chemical properties
similar to those of petroleum diesel.
This paper reviews the synthetic paths that lead to
biodiesel by means of the catalytic transesterification of
vegetable oils. Although methyl esters are at present the only
ones produced at industrial scale, the use of ethanol, which
can also be obtained from renewable resources, has been
considered, since it would generate a cleaner and more
biocompatible fuel.
Biodiesel is one of the most important biofuels today. It is produced by the process called trans-esterfication. Biodiesel is a green energy that decrease the pollutants to air.
Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of
triglycérides present in animal fat or vegetable oils, by
displacing glycerine with a low molar mass atcobol. This
resulting ester mixture has physico-chemical properties
similar to those of petroleum diesel.
This paper reviews the synthetic paths that lead to
biodiesel by means of the catalytic transesterification of
vegetable oils. Although methyl esters are at present the only
ones produced at industrial scale, the use of ethanol, which
can also be obtained from renewable resources, has been
considered, since it would generate a cleaner and more
biocompatible fuel.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
This paper investigate the scope of utilizing biodiesel with high bland (B20 & B40)
developed from the Methyle alcohol from pongamia oils as an alternative diesel fuel. The major
problem of using neat pongamia oil as a fuel in a compression ignition engine arises due to its very
high viscosity. Transesterification with alcohols reduces the viscosity of the oil and other properties
have been evaluated to be comparable with those of diesel. In the present project work, an
experimental investigation is carried out on performance and emission characteristics of preheated
higher blends of pongamia biodiesel with diesel. The higher blends of fuel is preheated at 60, 75, 90
and 110˚C temperature using waste exhaust gas heat in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel required for the project from raw pongamia
oil. Experiments were done using B20 and B40 biodiesel blends at different preheating temperature
and for different loading. A significant improvement in performance and emission characteristics of
preheated B40 blend was obtained. B40 blend preheated to 110˚C showed maximum 8.72% and
8.97% increase in brake thermal efficiency over diesel and B20 blend respectively at 75% load. Also
the highest reduction in UBHC emission and smoke opacity values are obtained as 79.41% and
80.6% respectively over diesel and 78.12% and 73.54% respectively over B20 blend for B40 blend
preheated to 110˚C at 75% load. Thus preheating of higher blends of diesel and biodiesel at higher
temperature improves the viscosity and other properties sharply and improves the performance and
emission.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
Similar to Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. The alternative fuel should be found to compensate the future fuel demand and reduce
the pollution.
The vegetable oil/animal fat has a high energy density to meet the energy compensation,
but its properties are not favorable for better atomization and so can be converted in to
biodiesel.
Generally four methods are used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal
fat.
The four methods of biodiesel production are:
Direct use and blending
Transesterification process
Pyrolysis and
Micro emulsion.
3. SOME POINTS ABOUT BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is the mono alkali ester which is derived from the animal fat or vegetable oil.
The carbon will be neutral when biodiesel is used as a fuel, because during the
combustion process, the amount of carbon emission is equal to an animal or plant
absorbed during it whole life time. So the emission will be low in green combustion of
biofuel.
Diesel is the most dominant fuel in the world including the area of transport,
agriculture, and power generation, some industrial applications, etc.
The vegetable oil can be the alternative for diesel and it could be the fuel in the diesel
engine
4. DIRECT USE AND BLENDING
The animal fat or vegetable oil can be used as a fuel in direct injection engines; it has
a good heating value and could give a sufficient power.
To avoid problems, the alternative fuel sources are directly blended with
conventional fossil fuels. This kind of blending will improve the fuel quality, reduces
the fossil fuel consumption.
The bio oil and diesel blends will be in different ratios like 10:1,10:2, 10:3
6. Catalyst is used to increase the speed of the reaction and quality of the outcome product.
The amount and types of catalyst are decided by the amount of free fatty acid present in the feed stock oil.
The higher amount of free fatty acid is unfavorable for biodiesel production which leads to formation of soap and decrease
biodiesel yield efficiency
The reasons are:
presence of water or Free Fatty Acids (FFA) acts as poison for the catalyst.
the price of pure triglyceride does not allow biodiesel to compete with diesel fuel in cost.
Base catalyst transesterification process
In this stage of the process, potassium Hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium methoxide are used as
catalysts.
Sodium methoxide (CH3NaO) is the most efficient catalyst but it is not economic. Sodium methoxide is sold as a 30 percent
solution in methanol for easier handling. Base catalysts are very sensitive to the presence of water and free fatty acids. The
amount of sodium methoxide required is 0.3 to 0.5 percent of the weight of the oil. A higher amount of catalyst (0.5 to 1.5
percent of the weight of the oil) is required when NaOH or KOH is used. NaOH and KOH also lead to water formation, which
slows the reaction rate and causes soap (metallic salt of a fatty acid) formation
It is a reaction between alcohol and oil with the presence of base catalyst
The reaction temperature (500
C – 600
C) should be maintained in order to get highest biodiesel yield. The reaction temperature
should be below of methanol boiling point (64.7 0C) – to prevent vaporization.
The stirring process (1300 rpm) to be carried throughout the process for dynamic mixing to increase the rate of reaction.
Appxly. one hour is needed to complete the reaction. Biodiesel and glycerol produced should be kept for separation in a
separating stock for 12 hours to 24 hours. The upper layer ----- biodiesel; the lower will be the glycerol (BP of ethanol = 78.37
0C).
7. Acid catalyst esterification process
Some feed stock oil has more than 1% free fatty acid; this free fatty oil cannot be converted into biodiesel. So
the yield of biodiesel from the transesterification process will be very low. In this case the feed stock oil is
subjected to the acid catalyst esterification before the base catalyst transesterification process. Here the free
fatty acid is converted into the ester.
This process also can be used to convert the triglycerides into the biodiesel but it will take more time. So, it is
not preferred.
In this process, the alcohol will reacts with oil using acid catalyst and produces the biodiesel and water.
The water must be removed immediately because it will lead to the formation of soap while in base catalyst
transesterification process. Here phosphoric acid or sulphuric acid is used as a catalyst. The product obtained
from acid catalyst is use to produce biodiesel through the base catalyst transesterification process.
8. III. THERMAL CRACKING (PYROLYSIS)
Thermal cracking is a process to convert the complex structure of hydrocarbons into its simplest structure with or
without catalyst. Due to this process the density and viscosity of oil will reduce. For vegetable oil as an alternative
fuel, these two properties affect the atomization in engine.
Atomization is the process of converting bulk liquid into fine droplets
Fuel treated by this process could be used directly in diesel engine without any modification
Generally alumina, zeolite and redmud are used as a catalyst in thermal cracking process for biodiesel production
The thermal cracking process happens at temperatures between 250O
C and 350O
C.
The thermal cracking biodiesel plant has a reactor with a safety valve, drain pipe, temperature indicator etc.
The oil or animal fat to be converted into biodiesel is placed inside the reactor, then heat is applied to the reactor.
Now the oil or animal fat gets vaporized and reach the condenser through pipe.
The condenser cools the vapor into the liquid
The liquid is collected in to a vessel and is called as biodiesel
9.
10. IV. MICROEMULSION
The micro emulsion is defined as thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil,
water and surfactant.
Surfactants are the compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial
tension between two liquids.
This process will solve the problems in viscosity and some other atomization properties of
oil.
Generally alcohol used to increase the volatile property of oil, and reduce the smoke.
Alkyl nitrate will be the “Cetane number” improver.
The microemulsion process also used to get a good spray property when injected into the
engine by nozzle.
If micro - emulsified diesel used in diesel engine, some problems will arise such as
incomplete combustion, carbon deposit and nozzle failure.
11. Biodiesel's Physical Characteristics
Specific gravity 0.88
Kinematic viscosity at 40°C 4.0 to 6.0
Cetane number 47 to 65
Higher heating value, Btu/gal 127,960
Lower heating value, Btu/gal 119,550
Density, lb/gal at 15.5°C 7.3
Carbon, wt% 77
Hydrogen, wt% 12
Oxygen, by dif. wt% 11
Boiling point, °C 315-350
Flash point, °C 100-170
Sulfur, wt% 0.0 to 0.0015
Cloud point, °C -3 to 15
Pour point, °C -5 to 10