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![• Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that
uses algae as its source of natural deposits.
• Several companies and government agencies are funding
efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae
fuel production commercially viable.
• Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but
unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only
release CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere via
photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew.
• Many companies are pursuing algae bioreactors for various
purposes, including scaling up biofuels production to
commercial levels.[69][70] Prof. Rodrigo E. Teixeira from the
University of Alabama in Huntsville demonstrated the
extraction of biofuels lipids from wet algae using a simple and
economical reaction in ionic liquids
neethu asokan](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biofuel-191204054840/85/Biofuel-27-320.jpg)
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Biofuel
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- 2. Biofuels • A biofuelis a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. neethu asokan
- 3. • Ethanol • Biodiesel •Other bioalcohols • Green diesel • Biofuel gasoline • Vegetable oil • Bioethers • Biogas • Syngas • Solid biofuels Second generation biofuels Second generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of biomass Made from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste, which makes it harder to extract the required fuel. neethu asokan
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- 6. Third & fourthgeneration • "Third-generation" algae biofuels and "fourth-generation" biofuels that are either created using petroleum-like hydroprocessing, advanced bio-chemistry, or revolutionary. • The processes like Joule’s "solar-to-fuel" method that defies any other category of biofuels opportunities that "advanced biofuels" present are greatly misunderstood by both policy- makers and financiers. • While corn, sugar, and cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel are what most people think about when they hear the term "biofuel," none of these fuels are suitable candidates to ever wean society off of its "addiction to oil." neethu asokan
- 7. Biofuel production Three differentways: – Thermal conversion, – Chemical conversion, – Biochemical conversion. • This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used for biofuels. • Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. neethu asokan
- 8. Biogas production • Biogasis an inflammable gas produced by bacteria in the process of fermentation of organic matter such as animal manure under anaerobic conditions. The process takes place in what is called a digester. • The process of decomposition can take place only if: I. Oxygen is excluded from the process (air – tight conditions) II. The raw material contains Nitrogen III. The temperature is favorable – the optimum is about 35 degrees Celsius (a range of 20 – 40) as a temperature much below or above this retards or arrests the process IV. The reaction is slightly alkaline, with pH of about 7.5 neethu asokan
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- 10. Examples of DigestersAround the World India neethu asokan
- 11. What is itused for? • Biogas is a fuel used as an energy source for light, heat or movement neethu asokan
- 12. Application/use of Biogasdigester i. A bio digester makes an important contribution and improvement of natural resources and environment through provision of energy for cooking and lighting ii. It can be used as a tool for clearing and digesting animal manure making it better and ready as fertilizer for use in gardens and fish ponds iii. It improves the sanitary conditions in homesteads. Among other advantages are: - • Being smokeless, reduce amount of petroleum products needed by a household, saves household time and money as well as firewood. • The gas is non – poisonous. • Biogas can be produced from and animal (cattle, pigs and chicken) waste. neethu asokan
- 13. Biodiesel • A dieselfuel replacement produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through the chemical process of transesterification • Mono-alkyl esters • Biodiesel can be used in any diesel motor in any percent from 0-100% with little or no modifications to the engine neethu asokan
- 14. The Chemistry ofBiodiesel • All fats and oils consist of triglycerides – Glycerol/glycerine = alcohol – 3 fatty acid chains (FA) • Transesterification describes the reaction where glycerol is replaced with a lighter and less viscous alcohol – e.g. Methanol or ethanol • A catalyst (KOH or NaOH) is needed to break the glycerol-FA bonds neethu asokan
- 15. Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction) FattyAcid Chain Glycerol Methanol (or Ethanol) One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules Biodiesel Triglyceride neethu asokan
- 16. Production methods Biodiesel productionis the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions transesterification and esterification. This involves vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol). Supercritical process Ultra- and high-shear in-line and batch reactors Ultrasonic reactor method Lipase-catalyzed method neethu asokan
- 17. Advantages • Requires noengine modifications (except replacing some fuel lines on older engines). • Can be blended in any proportion with petroleum diesel fuel. • High cetane number and excellent lubricity. • Very high flashpoint (>300°F) • Can be made from waste restaurant oils and animal fats neethu asokan
- 18. Disadvantages • Lower EnergyContent – 8% fewer BTU’s per gallon, but also higher cetane #, lubricity, etc. • Poor cold weather performance – This can be mitigated by blending with diesel fuel or with additives, or using low gel point feedstocks such as rapeseed/canola. • Stability Concerns – Biodiesel is less oxidatively stable than petroleum diesel fuel. Old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish. Additives can prevent this. • Scalability – Current feedstock technology limits large scalability neethu asokan
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- 20. Bioethanol • The historyof ethanol fuel in Brazil dates from the 1970s and relates to Brazil’s sugarcane. • Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, and less commonly propanol and butanol, are produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches (easiest), or cellulose • Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. • substrates Wheat, corn, sugar beet, sugar cane, molasses, any sugar or starch neethu asokan
- 21. Biomass (cellulose, Hemicellulose, lignin) MilledBiomass Ethanol Prehydrolysate Liquid (xylose, 2-furaldehyde) Pretreated solid (cellulose, lignin) Mechanical chipping/grinding Pretreatment (Dilute acid, 180oC) FermentationEnzymatic saccharification (fungal cellulases) Hydrolyzed Solid (lignin) Hydrolysate Liquid (glucose) Ethanol fermentation Ethanol production neethu asokan
- 22. Reduction of pyruvateto ethanol (microorganism) • It occurs by the 2 reactions shown below: • The overall reaction of alcohol fermentation: • Glc+2ADP +2P---------> 2 Ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2 H2O neethu asokan
- 23. Advantages • It reducesgreenhouse gases. • It reduces the amount of high-octane additives. • The fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or diluted to non toxic concentrations. • Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner, it burns more cleanly (more complete combustion) • Positive energy balance • You can use any plant for production of bioethanol, it only has to contain sugar and starch. • It is carbon neutral • Ethanol-blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline) reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% neethu asokan
- 24. Disadvantages • Biodiversity • Thefood Vs. fuel debate • Carbon emissions • Transportation – ethanol is hygroscopic • Pure ethanol is also difficult to vaporize • phosphorous and nitrogen used in the production have negative effect on the environment neethu asokan
- 25. Current research Ethanol biofuel •The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC) is a research division of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville dedicated solely to ethanol-based biofuel research projects. • On the federal level, the USDA conducts a large amount of research regarding ethanol production in the United States. Much of this research is targeted toward the effect of ethanol production on domestic food markets. • A division of the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has also conducted various ethanol research projects, mainly in the area of cellulosic ethanol. neethu asokan
- 26. Algal biofuel • In1942 Harder and von Witsch were the first to propose that microalgae be grown as a source of lipids for food or fuel. • Following World War II, research began in the US, Germany, Japan, England, and Israel on culturing techniques and engineering systems for growing microalgae on larger scales, particularly species in the genus Chlorella. • Meanwhile, H. G. Aach showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa could be induced via nitrogen starvation to accumulate as much as 70% of its dry weight as lipids. • Since the need for alternative transportation fuel had subsided after World War II, research at this time focused on culturing algae as a food source or, in some cases, for wastewater treatment neethu asokan
- 27. • Algae fuelor algal biofuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source of natural deposits. • Several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. • Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO2 recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. • Many companies are pursuing algae bioreactors for various purposes, including scaling up biofuels production to commercial levels.[69][70] Prof. Rodrigo E. Teixeira from the University of Alabama in Huntsville demonstrated the extraction of biofuels lipids from wet algae using a simple and economical reaction in ionic liquids neethu asokan
- 28. Jatropha • Several groupsin various sectors are conducting research on Jatropha curcas, a poisonous shrub-like tree that produces seeds considered by many to be a viable source of biofuels feedstock oil. • Much of this research focuses on improving the overall per acre oil yield of Jatropha through advancements in genetics, soil science, and horticultural practices. Fungi • A group at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, in a 2008 paper, stated they had isolated large amounts of lipids from single- celled fungi and turned it into biofuels in an economically efficient manner. • More research on this fungal species, Cunninghamella japonica, and others, is likely to appear in the near future. • The recent discovery of a variant of the fungus Gliocladium roseum points toward the production of so-called myco-diesel from cellulose. neethu asokan
- 29. References • Biotechnology expandinghorizons/ B.D.Singh/ Kalyani publishers (2013). • A text book of biotechnology/ R.C.Dubey/ S.Chand& company ltd (2012). • Biotechnology/ U.Sathyanarayana. • www.bebioenergy.com- Biodiesel, Farming for the Future • http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/index.html • http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html • www.bioproducts bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/19/z347.pdf neethu asokan
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