The document discusses various alternative fuels that can replace conventional fuels including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and propane. It provides details on what each fuel is made from as well as advantages and disadvantages of each. Flexible fuel vehicles that can run on blends of gasoline and ethanol are also discussed. The document also provides an overview of how fuel cells work, the basic components of a fuel cell, and chemical reactions that occur at the anode and cathode to produce electricity.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO â straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO â straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
This document discusses E85 fuel, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 provides higher octane than gasoline and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on gasoline, E85, or blends of both. While ethanol has some advantages like reducing emissions, it also has disadvantages like lower energy content requiring more fuel. The document outlines the history, production, characteristics, and applications of E85 fuel. Countries like Brazil and the US are leaders in ethanol production and use E85 in vehicles.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation and distillation of sugar crops and starches. It is a renewable, cleaner-burning alternative to gasoline. Ethanol has a higher octane rating and oxygen content than gasoline, allowing for more efficient combustion and reduced emissions. While ethanol has a lower energy density than gasoline, requiring about one-third more to travel the same distance, it offers environmental and economic benefits by providing a domestic source of fuel and increased engine efficiency. The largest producers and consumers of ethanol are the United States and Brazil, where flexible fuel vehicles can run on blends from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol.
Changing consumer choice to ethanol can
1. Reduce dependency on foreign oil
2. Reduce pollution and clean the atmosphere
3. Slow climate change
4. Provide a more renewable fuel source
The use of ethanol blends in conventional gasoline vehicles is restricted to low mixtures up to E10, as ethanol is corrosive and can degrade some of the materials in the engine and fuel system. Also, the engine has to be adjusted for a higher compression ratio as compared to a pure gasoline engine to take advantage of ethanol's higher oxygen content
This document compares the properties and usage of various alternative fuels for internal combustion engines including alcohols, hydrogen, natural gas, and vegetable oils. It provides tables listing properties like density, heating value, emissions profiles, and toxicity for different fuels. The document also discusses advantages and limitations of using alcohols as well as production and storage of hydrogen as a potential fuel. It concludes that while hydrogen shows technical feasibility as an alternative fuel, further research is still needed in areas like affordable production, improved onboard storage, and safety.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
Seminar report on modifications for ethanol enginesSughosh Deshmukh
Â
This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) â 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 â CO
-> CO + H2O â CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
Â
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Alternative fuels are needed to meet rising energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India relies on imports for 3/4 of its oil needs. Biofuels like biodiesel from palm and jatropha oil and bioethanol from sugarcane offer alternatives. Algal fuels from algae lipids offer high yields without using farmland. Natural gas and biogas can fuel vehicles when compressed as CNG or liquefied, and have lower emissions than gasoline. Electric vehicles powered by batteries or hydrogen fuel cells produce no emissions but have limited range, though fuel cell vehicles could go further. Plastic and emulsified diesel also show potential as alternative transport fuels.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
The document discusses the increasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy needs and the finite nature of these resources. It states that approximately 90% of energy requirements are met by fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which are expected to deplete within the next 200-300 years and few decades respectively. To avoid future scarcity, the document emphasizes the need to develop alternative renewable energy sources like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass, which are more environmentally friendly and sustainable than fossil fuels.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
This document discusses several alternative fuels including ethanol, propane, biodiesel, hydrogen, and compressed natural gas. Ethanol is produced from sugar or ethylene fermentation and is cleaner burning but can increase food prices. Propane is a liquefied petroleum gas that is widely used and produces fewer emissions than gasoline but has limited availability. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases and can be used in diesel engines but may not be suitable in cold temperatures. Hydrogen produces only water emissions but is expensive and dangerous. Compressed natural gas is safer than other fuels if spilled and produces lower emissions than gasoline but vehicles have higher costs and less cargo space.
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
Seminar report on modifications for ethanol enginesSughosh Deshmukh
Â
This technical report summarizes modifications needed in a gasoline engine to enable it to run on ethanol fuel. It discusses changing the main jet, idle orifice, power valve, accelerator pump, compression ratio, cold weather starting, and thermostat. The report was submitted by Sughosh D. Deshmukh to his professor M. P. Joshi at Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management in Nagpur, India to fulfill requirements for a mechanical engineering course.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) â 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 â CO
-> CO + H2O â CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
Â
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
Ethanol is an alcohol that can be used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines. Several modifications must be made to gasoline engines to enable the use of ethanol, including increasing the diameter of main jets to account for ethanol's lower energy content, increasing the compression ratio to utilize ethanol's high octane rating, and adding fuel and air preheaters to help with cold starting since ethanol does not vaporize as easily as gasoline. Overall, using ethanol fuel provides benefits like reduced emissions and pollution compared to gasoline, but requires modifications to the engine and has some disadvantages like lower energy content.
The document summarizes an E85 conversion technology that allows vehicles to run on gasoline, E85 fuel (85% ethanol), or a mixture of both. It plugs into the fuel injector and requires no other modifications. Benefits include reduced fuel costs, lower emissions, and supporting domestic ethanol production. The technology has a lifetime warranty and works automatically without needing switches or monitoring.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about ethanol. It notes that ethanol can be produced from renewable agriculture sources through fermentation and distillation of crops. As a motor fuel, ethanol can be used in low blends with gasoline up to E85. The document outlines some advantages of ethanol such as its renewable nature but also notes potential disadvantages like impacts on food prices. It also provides properties and details on the production and use of ethanol as an alternative fuel.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Alternative fuels are needed to meet rising energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. India relies on imports for 3/4 of its oil needs. Biofuels like biodiesel from palm and jatropha oil and bioethanol from sugarcane offer alternatives. Algal fuels from algae lipids offer high yields without using farmland. Natural gas and biogas can fuel vehicles when compressed as CNG or liquefied, and have lower emissions than gasoline. Electric vehicles powered by batteries or hydrogen fuel cells produce no emissions but have limited range, though fuel cell vehicles could go further. Plastic and emulsified diesel also show potential as alternative transport fuels.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
This document discusses CFD modelling and analysis of a dual fuel combustion engine that uses diesel and methanol blends. It provides background on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and methanol. It then discusses blended fuels and biofuels before introducing CFD modelling. The advantages of methanol blending are listed, including reduced emissions and improved combustion due to methanol's oxygen content and physical properties. Methodology, results, and conclusions are also mentioned.
The document discusses the increasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy needs and the finite nature of these resources. It states that approximately 90% of energy requirements are met by fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which are expected to deplete within the next 200-300 years and few decades respectively. To avoid future scarcity, the document emphasizes the need to develop alternative renewable energy sources like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol, and biomass, which are more environmentally friendly and sustainable than fossil fuels.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
This document discusses several alternative fuels including ethanol, propane, biodiesel, hydrogen, and compressed natural gas. Ethanol is produced from sugar or ethylene fermentation and is cleaner burning but can increase food prices. Propane is a liquefied petroleum gas that is widely used and produces fewer emissions than gasoline but has limited availability. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases and can be used in diesel engines but may not be suitable in cold temperatures. Hydrogen produces only water emissions but is expensive and dangerous. Compressed natural gas is safer than other fuels if spilled and produces lower emissions than gasoline but vehicles have higher costs and less cargo space.
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to help address issues with conventional fossil fuels.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to help address issues with conventional fossil fuels.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels. It introduces ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas, and electricity as some of the major alternative fuel types. For each fuel, it provides a brief overview of what it is, how it can be used as a motor fuel, and some of its advantages and disadvantages compared to gasoline or diesel. The overall purpose is to educate about alternative fuel options and their potential to reduce pollution and reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves.
Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum diesel. It is renewable, biodegradable, produces fewer toxic emissions, and can be produced domestically. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel in various concentrations like B20 (the most common in the US) or used on its own. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease through a process of heating, chemical treatment, and separation. Using biodiesel improves engine lubricity and reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum diesel. Most diesel vehicles can use biodiesel blends without modification.
This document discusses various eco-friendly fuels including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, biodiesel, electricity, and hydrogen. It provides details on what each fuel is, how it is produced, its environmental benefits compared to traditional fuels like petroleum, and current or potential uses. The fuels listed can have less environmental impact than traditional fossil fuels and some are produced from renewable sources.
This document discusses biofuels and biodiesel production. It defines biofuels as transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials. The document outlines the process of biodiesel production, including using vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol like methanol through a transesterification process. It discusses important characteristics of biodiesel like viscosity, density, flash point and others. The advantages of biodiesel include being renewable, having lower emissions than diesel, and able to be used in conventional diesel engines. Disadvantages include slightly higher fuel consumption and issues with long term storage.
Biofuels are liquid fuels produced from biomass rather than fossil fuels. The two main types are bioethanol, produced from crops high in sugar or starch through fermentation, and biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biofuels provide environmental benefits like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on foreign oil. While biofuels have advantages, their production also has potential drawbacks like requiring significant land and water resources as well as possibly introducing invasive species.
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
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This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its history, properties, advantages, disadvantages, production, storage, combustion, emissions and other details. Some key points:
- Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount.
- Studies show biodiesel reduces particulate matter and other emissions compared to petrodiesel, though it may increase NOx slightly depending on engine conditions.
- Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic and producing lower greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels. However, it also has drawbacks like poorer low
The document discusses biodiesel, including its production process, properties, and advantages over petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where triglycerides from oils react with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. This produces fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and producing lower emissions than petroleum diesel. The document also outlines some challenges with biodiesel like potential habitat destruction if grown on a large scale and increased corrosion.
World energy demands are rising while fossil fuel reserves are finite. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can help address these issues. It is made through a chemical process where vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol to produce fatty acid esters. This document discusses how biodiesel is made, its advantages over conventional diesel like reduced emissions, and potential sources like jatropha and honge oils. However, biodiesel also has disadvantages like poorer performance in cold weather. Overall, the document promotes biodiesel as a sustainable fuel option that can help reduce emissions and reliance on imported oil.
The document discusses various alternative fuels including biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, and methanol. It provides details on what each fuel is made from, whether it is a liquid or gas, possible vehicle applications, and environmental benefits compared to gasoline. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline. Natural gas and propane can be used as compressed or liquefied fuels. Hydrogen and electricity show potential but have infrastructure challenges. The document also notes some open problems with measuring and taxing different alternative fuels.
This document discusses biodiesel production and properties. It begins by defining biodiesel as an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. This process converts triglycerides into fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. The document then covers biodiesel's production method using waste cooking oil, its fuel properties like higher flash point but lower energy density compared to diesel, lower exhaust emissions but also lower power output. Lastly, it addresses biodiesel storage and transportation challenges like its solvent properties and tendency to gel at higher temperatures than petrodiesel.
The document discusses biofuels such as biodiesel, describing them as transportation fuels made from biomass materials like vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process. It provides details on the production of biodiesel, including the use of fats and oils, alcohols, and catalysts in the transesterification reaction to produce the fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel use are also summarized.
Biodiesel B5 is a renewable fuel made from 5% biodiesel (made from used cooking oil) blended with 95% petroleum diesel. It provides environmental benefits like reduced emissions and is supported for use in diesel engines by major manufacturers. Lootah Biofuels produces Biodiesel B5 by collecting used cooking oil, converting it to biodiesel, and blending it with petroleum diesel. They distribute B5 through fuel stations in Dubai and offer it at a lower price than conventional diesel to customers. Using B5 provides savings for customers while helping reduce waste and carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel.
Bioethanol is a petrol substitute produced mainly through sugar fermentation or chemical reaction. It is renewable, reduces greenhouse gases, and is less toxic than fossil fuels. However, large-scale bioethanol production requires significant land and water use, potentially threatening food supply and biodiversity. While bioethanol can be blended at low levels with petrol, higher blends require engine modifications. Some vehicles are now designed to operate on blends up to E85.
This document discusses various fuel and air systems topics related to diesel fuel, including:
- The importance of being aware of any fuel system changes if components need replacement to avoid issues.
- Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from vegetable oils or animal fats and reduces air pollutants, though certain engine modifications may be required for pure biodiesel (B100) use.
- Diesel fuel vapors are flammable and precautions should always be taken when handling or storing diesel fuel to avoid fire or explosion hazards.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
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Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where weâll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, weâll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sourcesâfrom PDF floorplans to web pagesâusing FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether itâs populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
Weâll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
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This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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An English đŹđ§ translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech đ¨đż version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether youâre at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. Weâll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
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https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
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Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
1. THERMAL
ENGINEERING:
Alternative Fuels
Alternative fuels are derived from resources other than petroleum. Some are
produced domestically, reducing our dependence on imported oil, and some are
derived from renewable sources. Often, they produce less pollution than gasoline
or diesel.
Some alternative fuels that can replace conventional fuel are
1. Ethanol
2. Biodiesel
3. Natural gas
4. Hydrogen
5. Propane
Ethanol
Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel made by fermenting and distilling starch crops,
such as corn. It can also be made from "cellulosic biomass" such as trees and
grasses. The use of ethanol can reduce our dependence upon foreign oil and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
Cellulosic ethanol, which is produced from non-food based feedstocks, is expected
to improve the energy balance of ethanol, because non-food-based feedstocks are
anticipated to require less fossil fuel energy to produce ethanol. Biomass used to
power the process of converting non-food-based feedstocks into cellulosic ethanol
is also expected to reduce the amount of fossil fuel energy used in production.
Another potential benefit of cellulosic ethanol is that it produces lower levels of
greenhouse gas emissions.
2.
3.
4. E10 (gasohol)
E10 (also called âgasoholâ) is a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline sold in
many parts of the country. All auto manufacturers approve the use of blends of
10% ethanol or less in their gasoline vehicles. However, vehicles will typically go
3â4% fewer miles per gallon on E10 than on straight gasoline.
E85
E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, can be used in flexible fuel
vehicles (FFVs), which are specially designed to run on gasoline, E85, or any
mixture of the two
Fuel Economy and Performance
A gallon of ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline. The result is
lower fuel economy than a gallon of gasoline. The amount of energy difference
varies depending on the blend. For example, E85 has about 27% less energy per
gallon than gasoline
Advantages
Domestically produced, reducing use of imported petroleum
Lower emissions of air pollutants
More resistant to engine knock
Disadvantages
Added vehicle cost is very small
Can only be used in flex-fuel vehicles
Lower energy content, resulting in fewer miles per gallon
Limited availability.
Currently expensive to produce.
5. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or
recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air
pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel.
Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20.
Most vehicle manufacturers approve blends up to B5, and some approve blends up
to B20. Check with your ownerâs manual or vehicle manufacturer to determine the
right blend for your vehicle, since using the wrong blend could damage your
engine and/or void the manufacturer's warranty.
Advantages
Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources
Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones
Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides)
Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%)
Biodegradable
Non-toxic
Safer to handle
Disadvantages
Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers
Lower fuel economy and power (10% lower for B100, 2% for B20)
Currently more expensive
B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures
Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability
Slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions possible in some circumstances
6.
7. Using biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions because carbon dioxide released from
biodiesel combustion is offset by the carbon dioxide sequestered while growing the soybeans or
other feedstock. B100 use reduces carbon dioxide emissions by more than 75% compared with
petroleum diesel. Using B20 reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 15%.
Safety
Biodiesel is nontoxic. It causes far less damage than petroleum diesel if spilled or released to the
environment. It is safer than petroleum diesel because it is less combustible. The flashpoint for
biodiesel is higher than 150°C, compared with about 52°C for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is safe
to handle, store, and transpor
Engine Operation
Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and raises the cetane number of the fuel. Diesel engines depend
on the lubricity of the fuel to keep moving parts from wearing prematurely.
Clean Diesel:
Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is diesel fuel with 15 parts per million or lower sulfur content.
ULSD combined with advanced emission control technologies is referred to as clean
diesel. Biodiesel is also considered a USLD because it does not intrinsically contain sulfur.
Natural Gas
It is a mixture of components, consisting mainly of methane(60-98%) with small
amounts of other hydrocarbon fuel components. In addition it contains various
amounts of nitrogen, carbondioxide, helium, and traces of other gases. Its sulphur
content ranges from very little(sweet) to larger amounts(sour).
Ideal composition:
Methane=90%,(minimum), ethane=4%(maximum),propane=1.7% c4 and
higher=0.7%, c4 and higher=0.2%,
cabondioxide+nitrogen=0.2%,hydrogen=0.1%,carbonmonoxide=0.1%,oxygen=0.5
%,sulphur=10%ppm
It is stored as compressed natural gas(CNG) at pressures of 7 to 21 bar and a
temperature around
-1600
c
8. As a fuel it works best in an engine system with a single-throttle body fuel injector.
This gives a longer mixing time,which is needed by this fuel.
Advantages
About 94% of U.S. natural gas used is domestically produced
Roughly 20% to 45% less smog-producing pollutants
About 5% to 9% less greenhouse gas emissions
Less expensive than gasoline
Disadvantages
Limited vehicle availability
Less readily available than gasoline and diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel
Propane: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be
used to power internal combustion engines. LPG-fueled vehicles can produce
significantly lower amounts of some harmful emissions and the greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide (CO2). LPG is usually less expensive than gasoline, it can be used
without degrading vehicle performance, and most LPG used in U.S. comes from
domestic sourcesPropane has a higher octane number, burns more clearly and
saves on maintenance costs.Propane is gaining as a gasoline substitute because it
costs 60% of petrol and gives 90% mileage of its fellow gasoline.
Advantages
90% of propane used in U.S. comes from domestic sources
Less expensive than gasoline
Potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and
nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions
Disadvantages
Limited availability (a few large trucks and vans can be special ordered from
manufacturers; other vehicles can be converted by certified installers)
Less readily available than gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel
9. Hydrogen
Hydrogen (H2) is being aggressively explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles. It
can be used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion
engines (ICEs)
Benefits
Produced Domestically. Hydrogen can be produced domestically from
several sources, reducing our dependence on petroleum imports.
Environmentally Friendly. Hydrogen produces no air pollutants or
greenhouse gases when used in fuel cells; it produces only nitrogen oxides
(NOx) when burned in ICEs.
High energy content per volume when stored as liquid. This would give as a
large vehicle range for a given fuel tank.
Fuel leakage is not a pollutant.
Hydrogen air mixture burns ten times faster than gasoline air mixture. Hence
it is used in high speed engines.
High efficiency since it has higher hydrogen ignition limits.
It has high self ignition temperature, but very little energy (1/50 th of
gasoline) is required to ignite it.
Disadvantages
More difficult to handle
Difficult to refuel.
Poor volumetric efficiency. Any time a gaseous fuel is used in an engine, the
fuel will displace some of the inlet air and poorer volumetric efficiency will
result.
Fuel cost is high
Can detonate.
High NOx emissions because of high flame temperature..
In hydrogen engines there is a danger of back fire and induction ignition
which can melt the carburettor. Therefore in hydrogen fuel system, flame
traps, flash back arrestors are necessary. Additionally crank cases must be
vented to prevent accumulation of explosive mixtures.
10. BIO GAS:
It is generally produced from dung,sewage,vegetable wastes,poultry droppings, pig
manure etc.
Composition:
Methane-50 to 60 % by volume
Carbondioxide-30to45%
Hydrogen and nitrogen-5 to 10%
H2S and O2 -traces
PROPERTIES:
Possesses excellent antiknock properties(high octane number 120)
Auto ignition temperature is higher than petrol thus it is a safe fuel
Mixes readily with air even at low temperature, therefore there is no need to
provide rich mixture during starting or idling.
Although its calorific value is lesser than petrol.it is possible to use in higher
compression ratios for the same size engine thus producing the same amount
of power.
NOx emissions are reduced by 60%
Exhaust gases have less pungent odour.
11. Flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV)
A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex-fuel
vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed
to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or
methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common tank. Modern flex-
fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the resulting blend in the
combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark timing are adjusted automatically
according to the actual blend detected by a fuel composition sensor. Flex-fuel
vehicles are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, where two fuels are stored in
separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time, for example, compressed
natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or hydrogen.
13. A fuel cell by definition is an electrical cell, which unlike storage cells can be
continuously fed with a fuel so that the electrical power output is sustained
indefinitely .They convert hydrogen, or hydrogen-containing fuels, directly into
electrical energy plus heat through the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and
oxygen into water.
The process is that of electrolysis in reverse.
Overall reaction: 2 H2(gas) + O2(gas) â 2 H2O + energy
Because hydrogen and oxygen gases are electrochemically converted into water,
fuel cells have many advantages over heat engines. These include:
high efficiency,
virtually silent operation and,
if hydrogen is the fuel, there are no pollutant emissions.
If the hydrogen is produced from renewable energy sources, then the electrical
power produced can be truly sustainable.
The two principle reactions in the burning of any hydrocarbon fuel are the
formation of water and carbon dioxide. As the hydrogen content in a fuel increases,
the formation of water becomes more significant, resulting in proportionally lower
emissions of carbon dioxide.
14. The above schematic diagram of an experiment illustrates the basic principle
involved in hydrogen gas production and its consumption. A fuel cell consumes
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
Porous nickel and porous carbon electrodes are generally used in fuel cells for
commercial applications. The best electro-chemical catalysts are finely divided
platinum or platinum like metal deposited on or incorporated within the porous
material.
15. The electrolyte is generally 40% KOH (potassium hydroxide) solution because of
its high electrical conductivity and less corrosiveness compared to acids.
In figure 1.1 (a) the production of hydrogen ( H2 ) gas and oxygen gas (O2 ) is dealt
with.
A beaker is taken with dilute electrolyte inside it and electrodes are inserted into it.
Test tubes are kept inverted on the electrodes which are connected to an external
power source. On passing current through the electrolytic cell electrochemical
reactions occur at the electrodesand the gas are produced.
The electrolyte water splits as ions due to the passage of current. Water requires
the aid of an alkali or acid in ionization. The reaction is :
H2Oď 2 H+
+ O2-
At anode ( positive electrode) oxidation occurs and thus oxide ions are oxidized to
oxygen gas molecules
2 O2-
ď O2 + 4 e-
At cathode ( negative electrode ) reduction occurs and hydrogen ions are reduced
to hydrogen gas molecules.
4 H+
+ 4 e-
ď 2 H2
Thus the individual gases are produced and stored by displacing the water column
in the inverted test tubes.
The figure 1.1 (b) deals with the consumption of hydrogen ( H2 ) gas and oxygen
gas (O2 ):
On removal of the power source and on connection of a load, the gases that have
been produced are ionized and consumed in the process which results in electricity
generation, heat energy liberation and water production.
The reactions are as follows:
At anode reduction of oxygen molecules occurs resulting in oxide ions formation :
O2 + 4 e-
ď 2 O2-
16. At cathode oxidation of hydrogen gas molecules to hydrogen ions occurs :
2 H2ď 4 H+
+ 4 e-
The electrons produced in the above equation travel through the external circuit,
leading to production of electric current in the direction opposite to the flow of
electrons.
The hydrogen ions and oxygen ions produced react to form water and liberating
heat in the process.
4 H+
+ 2 O2-
ď 2 H2O + energy
In certain cases the heat energy is used directly if weather conditions are gelid.
Another way of looking at the fuel cell is to say that the hydrogen fuel is being
âburntâ or combusted in the simple reaction
However, instead of heat energy being liberated, electrical energy is produced. The
experiment makes a reasonable demonstration of the basic principle of the fuel
cell, but the currents produced are very small.
The main reasons for the small current are
⢠the low âcontact areaâ between the gas, the electrode, and the
electrolyte â basically just a small ring where the electrode emerges from the
electrolyte.
⢠the large distance between the electrodes â the electrolyte resists the
ďŹow of electric current.
To overcome these problems, the electrodes are usually made ďŹat, with a thin layer
of electrolyte . The structure of the electrode is porous so that both the electrolyte
from one side and the gas from the other can penetrate it. This is to give
themaximum possible contact between the electrode, the electrolyte, and the gas.
However, to understand how the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen produces
an electric current, and where the electrons come from, we need to consider the
separate reactions taking place at each electrode.
17. These important details vary for different typesof fuel cells, but if we start with a
cell based around an acid electrolyte, as used by Grove,we shall start with the
simplest and still the most common type.
At the anode of an acid electrolyte fuel cell, the hydrogen gas ionizes, releasing
electrons and creating H+ ions (or protons).
2H2â 4H+4eâ
This reaction releases energy. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with electrons taken
from the electrode, and H+ ions from the electrolyte, to form water.
O2+4eâ+4H+â 2H2 o
18. Electrode reactions and charge ďŹow for an acid electrolyte fuel cell. Note that
although the negative electrons ďŹow from anode to cathode, the âconventional
currentâ ďŹows from cathode to anode.
In an alkaline electrolyte fuel cell the overall reaction is the same, but the reactions
at each electrode are different. In an alkali, hydroxyl (OHâ) ions are available and
mobile. At the anode, these react with hydrogen, releasing energy and electrons,
and producing water.
2H2+4OHââ 4H2O+4eâ
At the cathode, oxygen reacts with electrons taken from the electrode, and water in
the electrolyte, forming new OHâ ions.
O2+4eâ+2H2O â 4OHâ
For these reactions to proceed continuously, the OHâ ions must be able to pass
throughthe electrolyte, and there must be an electrical circuit for the electrons to go
from theanode to the cathode.
Also, comparing equations of the chemical rections involved we see that, as with
the acid electrolyte, twice as much hydrogen is needed as oxygen. Note that
although water is consumed at the cathode, it is created twice as fast at the
anode.There are many different fuel cell types, with different electrolytes. The
details of theanode and cathode reactions are different in each case
19. Single cell, with end plates for taking current from all over the face of the
electrodes,and also supplying gas to the whole electrode.
Two bipolar plates of very simple design. There are horizontal grooves on one side
and vertical grooves on the other.
20. Construction:
The arrangement shown in Figurehas been simpliďŹed to show the basic principle of
the bipolar plate. However, the problem of gas supply and of preventing leaks
meansthat in reality the design is somewhat more complex.
Because the electrodes must be porous (to allow the gas in), they would allow the
gasto leak out of their edges. The result is that the edges of the electrodes must be
sealed.
Sometimes this is done by making the electrolyte somewhat larger than one or both
ofthe electrodes and ďŹtting a sealing gasket around each electrode.Such assemblies
can then be made into a stack .The fuel and oxygen can then be supplied to the
electrodes using the manifolds as shown below. Because of the seals around the
edge of the electrodes, the hydrogen should only come into contact with the anodes
as it is fed vertically through the fuel cell stack. Similarly, the oxygen (or air)
fedhorizontally through the stack should only contact the cathodes, and not even
the edgesof the anodes.
21. A three-cell stack showing how bipolar plates connect the anode of one cell to the
cathode of its neighbour.
1 The construction of anode/electrolyte/cathode assemblies with edge seals. These
prevent the gases leaking in or out through the edges of the porous electrodes.
22. Three-cell stack, with external manifolds. The electrodes now have edge seals. It is
called external manifolding. It has the advantage of simplicity. However, it has two
major disadvantages.
The ďŹrst is that it is difďŹcult to cool the system. Fuel cells are far from 100%
efďŹcient, and considerable quantities of heat energy as well as electrical power are
generated
Internal manifolding. A more complex bipolar plate allows reactant gases to be fed
to electrodes through internal tubes
23. Fuel Cell Types
The various fuel types also try to play to the strengths of fuel cells in different
ways. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell capitalizes on the essential
simplicity of the fuel cell. The electrolyte is a solid polymer in which protons are
mobile. The chemistry is the same as the acid electrolyte fuel cell . With a solid
and immobile electrolyte, this type of cell is inherently very simple.
24. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells:
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the
electrolyte. Because the electrolyte is a solid, the cells do not have to be
constructed in the plate-like configuration typical of other fuel cell types. SOFCs
are expected to be around 50%â60% efficient at converting fuel to electricity. In
applications designed to capture and utilize the system's waste heat (co-
generation), overall fuel use efficiencies could top 80%â85%.
Solid oxide fuel cells operate at very high temperaturesâaround 1,000°C
(1,830°F). High-temperature operation removes the need for precious-metal
catalyst, thereby reducing cost. It also allows SOFCs to reform fuels internally,
which enables the use of a variety of fuels and reduces the cost associated with
adding a reformer to the system.
SOFCs are also the most sulfur-resistant fuel cell type; they can tolerate several
orders of magnitude more of sulfur than other cell types. In addition, they are not
poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO), which can even be used as fuel. This
property allows SOFCs to use gases made from coal.
High-temperature operation has disadvantages. It results in a slow startup and
requires significant thermal shielding to retain heat and protect personnel, which
may be acceptable for utility applications but not for transportation and small
portable applications. The high operating temperatures also place stringent
durability requirements on materials. The development of low-cost materials with
25. high durability at cell operating temperatures is the key technical challenge facing
this technology.
Scientists are currently exploring the potential for developing lower-temperature
SOFCs operating at or below 800°C that have fewer durability problems and cost
less. Lower-temperature SOFCs produce less electrical power, however, and stack
materials that will function in this lower temperature range have not been
identified.
Regenerative Fuel Cells
Regenerative fuel cells produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen and generate
heat and water as byproducts, just like other fuel cells. However, regenerative fuel
cell systems can also use electricity from solar power or some other source to
divide the excess water into oxygen and hydrogen fuelâthis process is called
"electrolysis." This is a comparatively young fuel cell technology being developed
by NASA and others.
Alkaline Fuel Cells
Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) were one of he first fuel cell technologies developed,
and they were the first type widely used in the U.S. space program to produce
electrical energy and water on-board spacecrafts. These fuel cells use a solution of
potassium hydroxide in water as the electrolyte and can use a variety of non-
precious metals as a catalyst at the anode and cathode. High-temperature AFCs
operate at temperatures between 100°C and 250°C (212°F and 482°F). However,
newer AFC designs operate at lower temperatures of roughly 23°C to 70°C (74°F
to 158°F)
AFCs' high performance is due to the rate at which chemical reactions take place in
the cell. They have also demonstrated efficiencies near 60% in space applications.
The disadvantage of this fuel cell type is that it is easily poisoned by carbon
dioxide (CO2). In fact, even the small amount of CO2 in the air can affect this cell's
operation, making it necessary to purify both the hydrogen and oxygen used in the
cell. This purification process is costly. Susceptibility to poisoning also affects the
cell's lifetime (the amount of time before it must be replaced), further adding to
cost.
Cost is less of a factor for remote locations, such as space or under the sea.
However, to effectively compete in most mainstream commercial markets, these
fuel cells will have to become more cost-effective. AFC stacks have been shown to
26. maintain sufficiently stable operation for more than 8,000 operating hours. To be
economically viable in large-scale utility applications, these fuel cells need to
reach operating times exceeding 40,000 hours, something that has not yet been
achieved due to material durability issues. This obstacle is possibly the most
significant in commercializing this fuel cell technology.
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
Phosphoric acid fuel cells use liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyteâthe acid is
contained in a Teflon-bonded silicon carbide matrixâand porous carbon
electrodes containing a platinum catalyst. The chemical reactions that take place in
the cell are shown in the diagram to the right.
The phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) is considered the "first generation" of
modern fuel cells. It is one of the most mature cell types and the first to be used
commercially. This type of fuel cell is typically used for stationary power
generation, but some PAFCs have been used to power large vehicles such as city
buses.
27. PAFCs are more tolerant of impurities in fossil fuels that
have been reformed into hydrogen than PEM cells, which are
easily "poisoned" by carbon monoxide because carbon
monoxide binds to the platinum catalyst at the anode,
decreasing the fuel cell's efficiency. They are 85% efficient
when used for the co-generation of electricity and heat but
less efficient at generating electricity alone (37%â42%). This
is only slightly more efficient than combustion-based power
plants, which typically operate at 33%â35% efficiency.
PAFCs are also less powerful than other fuel cells, given the same weight and
volume. As a result, these fuel cells are typically large and heavy. PAFCs are also
expensive. Like PEM fuel cells, PAFCs require an expensive platinum catalyst,
which raises the cost of the fuel cell.
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are currently being developed for natural gas
and coal-based power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military
applications. MCFCs are high-temperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte
composed of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically
inert ceramic lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2) matrix. Because they operate at
extremely high temperatures of 650°C (roughly 1,200°F) and above, non-precious
metals can be used as catalysts at the anode and cathode, reducing costs.
Improved efficiency is another reason MCFCs offer significant cost reductions
over phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs). Molten carbonate fuel cells, when
coupled with a turbine, can reach efficiencies approaching 65%, considerably
higher than the 37%â42% efficiencies of a phosphoric acid fuel cell plant. When
the waste heat is captured and used, overall fuel efficiencies can be as high as 85%.
Unlike alkaline, phosphoric acid, and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells,
MCFCs do not require an external reformer to convert more energy-dense fuels to
hydrogen. Due to the high temperatures at which MCFCs operate, these fuels are
converted to hydrogen within the fuel cell itself by a process called internal
reforming, which also reduces cost.
Molten carbonate fuel cells are not prone to carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
"poisoning" âthey can even use carbon oxides as fuelâmaking them more
28. attractive for fueling with gases made from coal. Because they are more resistant to
impurities than other fuel cell types, scientists believe that they could even be
capable of internal reforming of coal, assuming they can be made resistant to
impurities such as sulfur and particulates that result from converting coal, a dirtier
fossil fuel source than many others, into hydrogen.
The primary disadvantage of current MCFC technology is durability. The high
temperatures at which these cells operate and the corrosive electrolyte used
accelerate component breakdown and corrosion, decreasing cell life. Scientists are
currently exploring corrosion-resistant materials for components as well as fuel
cell designs that increase cell life without decreasing performance.
Advantages and Applications
The most important disadvantage of fuel cells at the present time is the same for
alltypes â the cost. However, there are varied advantages, which feature more or
less strongly for different types and lead to different applications.
29. These include the following:
⢠EfďŹciency. As is explained in the following chapter, fuel cells are generally more
efďŹcient than combustion engines whether piston or turbine based. A further
feature of this is that small systems can be just as efďŹcient as large ones. This is
very important in the case of the small local power generating systems needed for
combined heat and power systems.
⢠Simplicity. The essentials of a fuel cell are very simple, with few if any moving
parts.This can lead to highly reliable and long-lasting systems.
⢠Low emissions. The by-product of the main fuel cell reaction, when hydrogen is
the fuel, is pure water, which means a fuel cell can be essentially âzero emissionâ.
This is their main advantage when used in vehicles, as there is a requirement to
reduce vehicle emissions, and even eliminate them within cities. However, it
should be noted that, at present, emissions of CO2 are nearly always involved in
the production of hydrogen that is needed as the fuel.
⢠Silence. Fuel cells are very quiet, even those with extensive extra fuel processing
equipment. This is very important in both portable power applications and for local
power generation in combined heat and power schemes.
The fact that hydrogen is the preferred fuel in fuel cells is, in the main, one of their
principal disadvantages. However, there are those who hold that this is a major
advantage.
30. It is envisaged that as fossil fuels run out, hydrogen will become the major world
fuel and energy vector. It would be generated, for example, by massive arrays of
solar cells electrolysing water. This may be true, but is unlikely to come to pass
within the lifetime of this book.
The advantages of fuel cells impact particularly strongly on combined heat and
power systems (for both large- and small-scale applications), and on mobile power
systems,
TOYOTA CONCEPT:
Honda FCX Clarity:
The Honda FCX Clarity is a hydrogen fuel cell automobile manufactured by
Honda. The design is based on the 2006 Honda FCX Concept. The FCX Clarity
demonstrates electric car qualities such as zero emissions while offering 5 minute
refueling times and long range in a full function large sedan. It first went on sale as
a 2008 model year vehicle.
31.
32. Lubrication :
Mist Lubrication system:
⢠Mainly for 2 stroke engines-Crankcase lubrication impossible
⢠Lubricating oil mixed with fuel(3%-6%)
⢠Oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor
⢠Fuel is vaporized and oil in the form of mist goes via the crankcase into the
cylinder
⢠Thus oil striking the crankcase walls lubricates the main and connecting rod
bearings,piston,piston rings and cylinder
Advantages
⢠No pump required
⢠No filter required
⢠Simplicity
⢠Low cost
Disadvantages
⢠CAUSES HEAVY EXHAUST SMOKE due to burning of lubricating oil
partially
⢠Forms deposits on the piston crown and exhaust ports
⢠Corrosion of bearing surface as the oil comes in contact with acidic vapours
produced during the combustion
Wet Sump Lubrication system:
⢠Bottom of the crankcase contains an oil sump from where it is pumped to
various parts of the cylinder
⢠After lubricating these parts, the oil flows back to the sump by gravity
⢠Again it is picked up by the pump and is recirculated
33. Components:
⢠Pump
⢠Strainer
⢠Pressure regulator
⢠Filter
⢠Breather
Types of wet sump lubrication system:
⢠Splash system
⢠Splash and pressure system
⢠Pressure feed system
34. Splash system
⢠Oil is charged into bottom of the engine crankcase
⢠Oil is delivered through a distributing pipe extending the length of the
crankcase into splash troughs located under the big end of the connecting
rods
⢠Troughs are provided with overflows to maintain constant level
⢠DIPPER-under each connecting rod cap
⢠It dips into the oil in the trough at every revolution of the crankshaft
⢠Then oil is splashed all over the interior of the crankcase
⢠Hole is drilled through the connecting rod through which oil is passed to the
bearing surface
35. Splash and pressure system
⢠Oil - supplied under pressure to pipes which direct a stream of oil against the
dippers on the big end of connecting rod
⢠Bearing cup and the crankpin bearings are lubricated by the splash or spray
of oil thrown up by the dipper
Pressure feed system
⢠Oil is drawn in from the sump-forced to all the main bearings
⢠Pressure relief valve âfitted near the delivery point of the pump that opens
when the pressure in the system attains a predetermined value
36. Dry Sump Lubrication system:
⢠Oil is carried in an external tank
⢠Oil pump draws oil from the supply tank and circulates it under pressure to
the various bearings of the engine
⢠Oil dripping from cylinder is passed through the filter and is fed back to the
supply tank
⢠If the filter is clogged, the pressure relief valve opens permitting oil to
bypass the filter
⢠A separate oil cooler with either water or air as the cooling medium is
provided-remove heat from the oil.