The document discusses various renal/kidney disorders including obstructive disorders, renal stones, bladder carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, acute and chronic renal failure, and treatment options such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Key points include the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and nursing management considerations for different renal disorders. Treatment involves medical management as well as surgical procedures and lifestyle modifications.
Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms.
Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms.
A urinary tract infection (or UTI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are quickly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. But sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection, thus leading to a UTI.
Urinary Tract Infections are the 2nd most popular type of infection in the body. Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. *One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder. Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women, the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.
A urinary tract infection (or UTI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are quickly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. But sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection, thus leading to a UTI.
Urinary Tract Infections are the 2nd most popular type of infection in the body. Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. *One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder. Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women, the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.
Inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection.
The inflammation of the kidney is due to a specific type of urinary tract infection (UTI). The UTI usually begins in the urethra or bladder and travels to the kidneys.
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4. Functions of the Renal System
Excretion of waste
Regulation of acid-base balance
Formation of erythropoietin
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
(RAAS)
Regulation of phosphate and calcium
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6. Obstructive disorders
Can occur anywhere in the urinary
tract
Signs and symptoms depend on the
site of location and size of
obstruction
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15. Nursing management
Administer medications as
ordered
Strain urine to detect passage
of stones
Monitor I & O
Encourage to increase OFI
>3 L/day
Instruct client on infection
prevention
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16. Bladder carcinoma
Most common among 60-70 years old
Males>females
Predisposing factors:
– Cigarette smoking
– Exposure to rubber dyes
– Abuse of phenacetin-containing
analgesics
– Recurrent UTI
– Recurrent nephrolithiasis
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18. Bladder carcinoma
Medical Management Nursing management
Surgical treatment Encourage to:
Radiation – Increase OFI
Chemotherapy – Quit smoking
Assess for presence
of UTI
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19. Bladder carcinoma
Teach patient on stoma
Care of the STOMA
care
Immediate post-OP:
Opening should be
Color of drainage is bright
no more than 2-3
red/pink
mm larger than the
Report: gray or black stoma
discoloration Change every 3-5
Position pouch at the side of days
bed for drainage
Report signs of UTI
Monitor urine output daily
– Cloudy urine
Monitor for signs of peritonitis
– Hematuria
Abdominal pain,
– Strong odor
distention, fever
– Fever
– Flank pain
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20. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Most common
problem of adult male
reproductive organ
Cause is not
completely
understood
Not a predisposing
factor for prostatic
carcinoma
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21. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Diagnostics
Clinical manifestations
Dribbling Digital rectal exam
Hesitancy Urinalysis
Diminution in caliber BUN/Creatinine
and force of urinary Cystourethroscopy
stream PSA
Feeling of incomplete
emptying
Irritative symptoms
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24. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Nursing management:
1. Provide medications as ordered
2. Maintain patency of 3-way Foley
• Observe aseptic technique
• Irrigate with NSS (as ordered)
3. Control & treat bladder spasms
• Short, frequent walks
• Decrease frequency of bladder irrigation
• Administer anti-cholinergics and anti-
spasmodics
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25. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Prevent hemorrhage
4.
• Prevent straining (heavy lifting, constipation),
prolonged periods of travel, sexual activity
until doctor approves so.
• Avoid rectal procedures.
5. Provide for bladder training after Foley
catheter removal
• Perineal exercise
• Limit fluid intake in the evening
• Restrict intake of caffeine-containing
compounds
• Withhold anti-cholinergics and anti-
spasmodics if permitted
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26. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Provide health teaching on:
5.
• Increasing OFI
• Signs of UTI and report once noted
• Avoidance of heavy lifting, straining and
prolonged travel.
• Possible impotence
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27. Prostate cancer
Highest incidence in African-American over
age 60
Adenocarcinoma; growth related to presence
of androgens
Clinical manifestations:
– Same as BPH
– Hard, nodular, fixed mass upon rectal exam
Laboratory diagnostics:
– Elevated PSA, acid & alkaline phosphatase
– Bone scan
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29. Prostate cancer
Nursing interventions:
Medical management:
1. Administer prescribed
Drug therapy:
medications
Estrogens, 2. If with radiotherapy:
chemotherapeutic • Double flush the toilet
agents after use.
• Advise to avoid placing
Radiation therapy
children on their lap.
Surgery: Perineal
• Avoid sexual intercourse
prostatectomy for the whole duration of
therapy.
3. Provide care post-
prostatectomy
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32. Physiologic effect Findings Symptoms
Drowsiness, Confusion, Coma
Oliguric GI bleeding
↑ BUN, Crea
Asterixis
Inability to excrete wastes
Pericarditis
Cardiac dysrhythmias
↑ K+, ↓ Na+, acidosis
Kusmaull’s breathing
Inability to regulate electrolytes
Coma
CHF
Fluid overload
Pulmonary edema
Inability to excrete fluid loads
Hypertension
Urine output of 4-5 L/day
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Hypovolemia
Improving mental alertness
Diuretic ↓ Na+ Weight loss
↓ K+ Dry mucous membranes
Muscle weakness
Constipation
Recovery Return to normal
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33. Nursing management:
Medical management:
Supportive
Dialysis
Nursing management:
1. Maintain F & E balance
• Accurate I & O
• Weigh daily
• Maintain fluid restrictions
• Assess for signs of fluid overload
2. Maintain nutrition
• Moderate CHON, low K+, high CHO, high fat
• Measures to relieve nausea
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34. Nursing management:
Maintain rest-activity balance
3.
• Provide assistance in ADL
• Maintain strict bed rest in acute phase
Prevent injury
4.
• Keep side rails elevated (pad if necessary)
• Protect from bleeding
Prevent infection
5.
• Maintain asepsis
• Reverse isolate
• Turn frequently
• Meticulous skin care
• Relieve pruritus
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42. Peritoneal Dialysis
Intermittent:
8-12 H x 3-5x/week
Ambulatory:
3-5 passes/day
Continuous cycling:
3-7x during sleep
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43. Peritoneal dialysis
Must consider: (+) pink-tinged effluent
– Explaining or presence of small
procedure strings is normal
Blood is normal for
– Monitor VS (+
several days
weight)
With ascites from other
– Note for signs of
source, substitute a
infection lower concentration of
dialysate
– Assess skin
integrity
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44. Hemodialysis
AV Fistulas
– Internal AVF
– Internal Graft AVF
– Internal AV Graft
with external
access device
Complications
– Thrombosis
– Local infections
– Aneurysms
– Steal syndrome
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46. HEMODIALYSIS PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
AVF
ACCESS Subclavian vein Peritoneum
Arteriovenous graft
DURATION 2-4 H 36 H
Disequilibrium syndrome Exit site infection
Hypotension Peritonitis
Bleeding Hernias
COMPLICATIONS
Sepsis Pulmonary complications
Hepatitis Protein loss
Monitor for VS and changes in
Weigh before and after HD behavior
VS q 15 mins Check patency of catheter
Monitor I & O, signs of DE May procaine HCl in the
dialysate to minimize
NURSING INTERVENTIONS WOF signs of bleeding
discomfort
Do NOT use the AVF other than for
Observe for signs of peritonitis
dialysis
Maintain aseptic technique
Provide diversional activities
during insertion of trochanter.
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47. Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Nursing management:
Maintain F & E balance
– I & O q 80
– Weigh daily
– Assess edema
Auscultate breath sounds
V/S q 80
Assess LOC q 80
High CHO diet, within prescribed Na+, K+, and
CHON limits
Administer medications as ordered
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55. Causes of Acid-Base Disorders
Respiratory alkalosis
Causes: Nursing management:
Hyperventilation,
Offer reassurance
mechanical
Encourage breathing
overventilation,
encephalitis into a paper bag
Manifestations:
Provide sedation as
Numbness and tingling of
ordered
mouth and extremities
Monitor mechanical
Inability to concentrate
ventilation and ABG
Rapid respirations, dry
mouth, coma
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56. Interpretation
UC PC FC
↓ or ↑ ↓ or ↑ normal
pH
↓ or ↑
HCO3- ↓ or ↑ ↓ or ↑
normal
↓ or ↑
↓ or ↑ ↓ or ↑
Paco2
normal
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