The document provides information about the structure and function of cells. It discusses: - The basic parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their genetic material, organelles, size, and whether they are unicellular or multicellular. - The key structures of animal and plant cells, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, and in plant cells, the cell wall and chloroplasts. - The functions of important organelles like the nucleus, which houses DNA; ribosomes, which produce proteins; and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein transport. - Differences between animal and plant cells

1. Structure, function, &
growth of a cell
By Ms. Sommer

2. What is a cell?
• A cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all
known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified
as a living thing and is often called the “building block of life””
• Cells have many parts, each with a different function. Some of these
parts, called organelles, are specialized structures that perform
certain tasks within the cell.
• The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665

3. What’s the difference between prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells were here first and for billions of years were the only
form of life on Earth. All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular
• Eukaryotic cells appeared on earth long after prokaryotic cells but
they are much more advanced. Eukaryotic organisms unlike
prokaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular

4. The Prokaryotic Cell .1-10um

5. Prokaryotes
• Pro- means before, Karyote- means kernel
• Prokaryotes do NOT have a nucleus so their genetic material is dispersed
throughout the cytoplasm
• Single stranded DNA
• No membrane bound organelles
• They have a cell wall that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell.
• Some prokaryotic cells have external whip-like flagella for movement or
hair like pili for adhesion
• They are smaller than Eukaryotes and are unicellular
• Contains 4 main parts: genetic information, cytoplasm, cell membranes,
and ribosomes

6. Eukaryotic Cell 10-100um

7. Eukaryotic cells
• Eu- true Karyote-(kernel) nucleus
• Eukaryotes are more advanced and bigger than prokaryotes. They are found in
plants, animals, protists, and fungi.
• Eukaryotic cells are unicellular and multi-cellular
• The cell is composed of 5 main parts:
• 1. Cell Membrane-the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a
cell
• 2. Cytoplasm-rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles
• 3. Nucleus- “control center” of cell, houses DNA
• 4. Ribosomes- Make proteins
• 5. Membrane bound Organelles- small structures that carry out specific
functions(little organs) ex: Golgi, RER, SER, Mitochondria, etc

8. Reflect with a partner
• Did the prokaryotic cell come before the Eukaryotic cell?
• What are some similarities between both cells?
• What are some differences?

10. • Usually found in the center of the cell
• Contains the cells genetic (DNA) information
• The nucleus houses DNA in 2 forms
1. Chromatin- mass of DNA that condense to form
chromosomes
2. Chromosomes –structures that contain
information to make new cells (looks like an X)
• Also contains an organelle called the Nucleolus
that makes the cells ribosomes
Nucleus

12. Reflect with a partner
• What does semi permeable mean? what does the cell membrane do?
• What does the nucleus contain inside its organelle?
• What does the mitochondria provide?

13. Ribosomes
• Cells need to make proteins. Those proteins might be used as
enzymes or as support for other cell functions.
• Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers for the
cell.

14. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
 A network of interconnected
membranes forming channels within
the cell
 Covered with ribosomes (causing the
rough appearance ) which are in the
process of synthesizing (producing)
proteins for secretion (to leave
organelle)

17. Reflect with a partner
• What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER)?
• What are Ribosomes?
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?
• What’s the difference between the RER and Golgi?

20. Cell Wall
• The cell wall provides extra support for the cell and gives it a shape.
• Cell walls are found in eukaryotic plant and prokaryotic cells
• Cell walls are NOT found in Animal cells

21. Reflect with a partner
• What do Lysosomes do?
• What is the responsibility of chloroplasts? Do humans have them?
• What does the cell wall provide for the plant cell?

22. Vacuole
• Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found
in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant
cells. Vacuoles store food, nutrients, and waste products so
the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

23. Flagella and Cilia
• Flagella (long and moves side to side) and Cilia (shorter and there are
a lot move back and forth):
• Both aid in movement

24. Cytoskeleton
• The Cytoskeleton are fibers that run through the cytoplasm. They give
it rigidity but allows the cell to move
• Microtubules are straight hollow tubes they are more rigid and keep the cell
organized
• Microfilaments are thinner solid rods that allow the cell to move and change
shape when needed

25. Cytoplasm
• They cytoplasm is the fluid that fills
the inside of the cell.
- Cyto- cell, Plasm- fluid
- A thick solution that fills each cell
and is enclosed by the cell
membrane. It is mainly composed
of water, salts, and proteins. In
eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm
includes all of the material inside
the cell and outside of the nucleus
- Acts like the “blood” by circulating
nutrients around the cell

26. Reflect with a partner
• How do the organelles within the cell relate to the organs in our
body?
• List as many organelles that you can.
• Which organelles are located within the plant cell but not the animal
cell?

29. Animal cell vs Plant cell
ANIMAL CELL
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Chromosomes
• Mitochondria
• Nuclear membrane
• Small Vacuoles
• Lysosomes- digestive enzyme
• Centrioles- spindle fibers for cell division
• Round shape cell
PLANT CELL
• Cell wall- made of chitin or cellulose
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Chloroplasts-organelles contain chlorophyll that
capture sunlight to make glucose (energy)for cell
• Large Central Vacuole-where water, food, and
other chemicals are stored
• Mitochondria
• Nuclear Membrane
• Chromosomes
• Box shaped cell

30. Animal Cell and Plant cell comparison 1

31. Animal cell and plant cell comparison 2

32. Animal Cell and Plant Cell differences

33. Reflect with a partner
• What are some similarities between animal and plant cells?
• What are some differences?