Incomplete dominance
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Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance where neither allele for a trait is dominant. When hybridizing two purebred parents with different alleles, the offspring express a combined intermediate phenotype rather than one or the other parental phenotype. For example, when crossing a red flower with a white flower, the hybrid offspring are pink instead of red or white. A cross between red and blue flowers produces purple offspring rather than red or blue.
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE VS CO-DOMINANCE
Incomplete dominance results in a blending of the dominant and recessive alleles such that the phenotype is intermediate between the two pure phenotypes. Codominance results in both alleles being fully expressed together in the heterozygote such that the phenotype shows a combination of both. Examples include snapdragons that are pink when heterozygous for red and white alleles under incomplete dominance, and human blood types that are type AB when heterozygous for the A and B alleles under codominance.
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Mendelian genetics
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his discoveries formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
Sex limited traits and sex-influenced traits
This document discusses and provides examples of sex-limited and sex-influenced traits. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex, such as milk production only occurring in female mammals. Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more strongly in one sex, for example baldness patterns being more common in human males. The key difference between the two is that sex-limited traits are only expressed in one sex while sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes to varying degrees.
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE VS CO-DOMINANCE
Incomplete dominance results in a blending of the dominant and recessive alleles such that the phenotype is intermediate between the two pure phenotypes. Codominance results in both alleles being fully expressed together in the heterozygote such that the phenotype shows a combination of both. Examples include snapdragons that are pink when heterozygous for red and white alleles under incomplete dominance, and human blood types that are type AB when heterozygous for the A and B alleles under codominance.
Incomplete and co dominance
This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
Mendelian genetics
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding and tracking different traits over multiple generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know to be genes and alleles. His work established the fundamentals of genetics including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Mendel's experiments were not widely recognized until after his death but his discoveries formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity.
Codominance
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
Multiple allele
Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two allelic forms of a given gene in a species. Examples include blood groups in humans and coat color in mice. The ABO blood group gene in humans has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - which determine blood types A, B, AB, and O. Coat color in mice is also determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus, with alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, and albino hair colors exhibiting a dominance hierarchy. Multiple alleles always influence the same trait and occupy the same locus on chromosomes, with no crossing over between member alleles of a multiple allelic series.
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This document discusses and provides examples of sex-limited and sex-influenced traits. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only one sex, such as milk production only occurring in female mammals. Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more strongly in one sex, for example baldness patterns being more common in human males. The key difference between the two is that sex-limited traits are only expressed in one sex while sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes to varying degrees.
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The document discusses multiple alleles and provides several examples:
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- Eye color in Drosophila is determined by multiple alleles that produce different shades from red to white. Heterozygotes show intermediate phenotypes.
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Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
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1. Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits such as flower color.
2. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) which segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his laws of inheritance.
3. Mendel's work laid the foundations of classical genetics although it was not widely recognized until rediscovered later.
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Here are the answers to the guide questions:
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Q20. The genotype of the female is XcX (carrier)
Q21. The chance that the child will be color-blind is 50%
Q22. The chance that a daughter will be color-blind is 0%
Q23. The chance that a son will be color-blind is 100%
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1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
Multiple alleles
The document discusses multiple alleles and provides several examples:
- Multiple alleles occur when there are three or more alternative forms (alleles) of a gene occupying the same locus. Blood group in humans and coat color in rabbits are examples.
- Self-incompatibility in Nicotiana is controlled by multiple S alleles - pollen from an S1S2 plant will be incompatible with S1S2 pistils but compatible with S3S4 pistils.
- Eye color in Drosophila is determined by multiple alleles that produce different shades from red to white. Heterozygotes show intermediate phenotypes.
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This document discusses sex linkage and color blindness. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele that is tied to the sex chromosomes. It then discusses Thomas Morgan's discovery of sex linkage through his experiments with fruit flies in 1910. The document outlines several examples of sex-linked traits in humans like hemophilia and color blindness. It describes the three types of color blindness and explains that it is caused by genes located on the X chromosome, resulting in the condition affecting mostly males. The document concludes by discussing tests used to detect color blindness and treatments that may help in some cases.
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- Sex-influenced traits are determined by autosomal genes but expressed differently in males and females, with higher penetrance in one sex. Examples include beards in goats.
- Sex-limited traits are encoded by autosomal genes but only expressed in one sex, with zero penetrance in the other sex, like cock feathering in chickens.
- Some traits are encoded by cytoplasmic or mitochondrial genes inherited from the egg. Examples include chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
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1. Mendel conducted breeding experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits such as flower color.
2. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) which segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his laws of inheritance.
3. Mendel's work laid the foundations of classical genetics although it was not widely recognized until rediscovered later.
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The document summarizes Darwin's theory of natural selection. It explains the key factors of Darwinism: rapid multiplication of organisms, limited environmental resources causing competition, variation between individuals, and survival and inheritance of beneficial traits. Through this process of natural selection over generations, species gradually change and new species may form as variations accumulate. The theory helped explain the evolution of species and adaptation to the environment. It contrasts with Lamarckism in its view of inheritance and lack of internal forces driving evolution.
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Here are the answers to the guide questions:
Q19. The genotype of the male is XcY (color-blind)
Q20. The genotype of the female is XcX (carrier)
Q21. The chance that the child will be color-blind is 50%
Q22. The chance that a daughter will be color-blind is 0%
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This document discusses sex determination and sex expression in animals. It defines key terms like sex chromosomes, autosomes, and allosomes. It describes four main mechanisms of sex determination: sex characters, chromosomal sex determination, monogenic sex determination, and environmental sex determination. For chromosomal sex determination, it provides details on the XX-XY, XX-XO, XO-XX, and ZW-ZZ systems. It also discusses genic balance theory and sex mosaicism in Drosophila.
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Incomplete dominance
- 1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Presented To: Sir Khalid Hussain Presented by :09040606-031
- 2. Mendel’s Principles • Inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as genes. • During sexual reproduction, genes are passed from parents to offspring. • Two or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.
- 3. What is Incomplete Dominance? Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a combined phenotype (expressed physical trait).
- 4. Example……………….. • In Four O’ Clocks, if you cross a red RR (which is always pure) with a white WW (that is also always pure) , you get a pink RW (which is always hybrid /heterozygous)
- 6. Red Pink white
- 7. Incomplete Dominance • In incomplete dominance, neither allele is dominant so there is a blending of traits when two different alleles for the same trait occur together. • Colors blend together heterozygous individuals = 3rd phenotype
- 8. Incomplete Dominance • In another flower, if red RR and blue BB flowers are crossed, they produce a 3rd purple RB flower • What would be the genotype ratio and phenotype ratio if you crossed two purple flowers?
- 9. Incomplete Dominance • Cross of two purple flowers RB X RB R B • genotype ratio RR RB 1RR : 2RB : 1BB R red purple • phenotype ratio 1red : 2 purple : 1 blue B RB BB purple blue