Cloning & Genetic Engineering
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Cloning involves creating an exact genetic copy of an organism, with all of its DNA being identical. Genetic modification involves altering the genes of an organism using biotechnology, usually targeting one or a few specific genes to change a trait. While cloning aims to replicate an organism entirely, genetic modification allows targeted changes to traits through gene addition or replacement. The document discusses how scientists in Jurassic Park cloned dinosaurs using ancient DNA preserved in amber, but had to use frog DNA to fill in missing segments, showing how cloning and genetic modification techniques can be combined.
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Notochord - A flexible rod of cells that forms the basic structure along the back in early embryonic chordates. It is replaced by the vertebral column in most vertebrates.
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2. The document describes two types of gradient theories - the single gradient theory involving one factor and the double gradient theory involving antagonistic animal and vegetal gradients. It provides examples of experiments supporting these theories.
3. Nuclear transplantation techniques are explained, including types of transplantation. Experiments transplanting nuclei between frog species resulted in normal development, showing the totipotency of early nuclei.
Acoustico lateralis system..,,.,,
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1. Amphibian embryos undergo radial cleavage where cell divisions are slower in the vegetal hemisphere containing yolk. Gastrulation begins with the invagination of cells at the blastopore forming the archenteron.
2. Fate mapping shows superficial cells form ectoderm and endoderm, while deeper cells form mesoderm. During gastrulation, bottle cells migrate inward expanding the archenteron.
3. Spemann and Mangold's experiments showed the dorsal lip tissue of the blastopore, known as the organizer, can induce a secondary embryonic axis when transplanted, demonstrating its inductive properties.
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2) However, significant obstacles remain, such as the difficulty of finding intact DNA from animals that died long ago and the challenges of cloning complex organisms.
3) While technology is improving, cloning techniques are still imperfect and cloned animals often have health problems - it may be premature to attempt cloning extinct species.
Why we should clone extinct animals
The document discusses several arguments for and against cloning extinct animals. The key points are:
1. Cloning extinct animals could provide valuable scientific and educational insights, and help undo past human-caused extinctions.
2. However, significant obstacles remain, such as the difficulty of finding intact DNA from animals that died long ago and the challenges of cloning complex organisms.
3. While technology is improving, cloning attempts so far have had very low success rates and cloned animals often have health problems. More research is needed to address these issues before cloning extinct species is feasible.
Why we should clone extinct animals
The document discusses several arguments for and against cloning extinct animals. The key points are:
1) Cloning extinct animals could provide valuable scientific and educational insights, and help undo past human-caused extinctions.
2) However, significant obstacles remain, such as the difficulty of finding intact DNA from animals that died long ago and the challenges of cloning complex organisms.
3) While technology is improving, cloning techniques remain imperfect and cloned animals often have health problems - it may be premature to attempt cloning extinct species. More research is needed to advance cloning capabilities.
#SciChallenge2017 Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. Natural cloning occurs through asexual reproduction in bacteria, insects, and plants. Artificial cloning involves techniques used to clone DNA fragments, cells, or whole organisms. The first animal cloned was a frog in 1952. In 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Cloning works by transferring the nucleus of a donor adult cell into an egg cell with its nucleus removed. Potential benefits include species preservation and medical research applications like organ transplants. However, cloning faces ethical concerns and technical challenges like low success rates and premature aging.
Jack oughton cloning in brief
This document discusses cloning and its potential uses and controversies. It begins by defining DNA and RNA as the essential ingredients for life, carrying genetic information. It then defines cloning as the process of creating identical genetic copies, which occurs naturally but can also be achieved through biotechnology. The document outlines several methods of cloning, from gene cloning to somatic cell nuclear transfer. It notes cloning could allow targeted genetic manipulation and addresses both potential benefits, such as more efficient meat production, and concerns, such as the power it may one day give humanity over manipulating life. In closing, it states cloning removes uncertainty from selective breeding but that humanity is not yet ready to fully understand and utilize genetic manipulation.
Cloning
I do not have a personal view on these issues. My role is to objectively summarize the information provided.
Endangered animal cloning
This document discusses cloning endangered and extinct animal species. It provides background on cloning, including the history of cloning important animals like Dolly the sheep. The document outlines some of the pros of cloning endangered species, such as preserving their unique genetic code and boosting wild populations. However, it also notes some cons, such as low cloning success rates, health issues in clones, and reducing genetic diversity. The overall goal of cloning endangered species is to help preserve them and further scientific understanding.
Genetic Engineering
This presentation discusses genetic engineering and was presented by a group of 4 students in the Environmental Science department. It defines genetic engineering as manually adding new DNA to an organism. It provides examples of genetically engineered plants and discusses the history and basic concepts of genetic engineering. The presentation explains the process of genetic engineering including extracting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses applications like transgenic organisms and cloning.
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
This document provides an overview of chapters 16 & 17 which cover the evolution of populations, the history of life, and key figures and concepts in evolutionary theory. It discusses how genes make evolution possible through genetic variation from mutations and gene recombination. Natural selection and genetic drift are described as causes of a population's gene pool changing over time, which can lead to the formation of new species through reproductive isolation. Fossils are examined as evidence for evolution and mass extinctions. Patterns in the fossil record show most species have become extinct, fossils are found in a particular order, and organisms have changed over time. Evolution occurs through both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
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Cloning & Genetic Engineering
- 1. CLONING OR GENETIC MODIFICATION What’s the difference?
- 2. In the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton: • Scientists used ancient dinosaur DNA trapped in amber to clone extinct species. • The cloned dinosaurs eventually became uncontrollable and the scientists abandoned their project, sacrificing many lives along with their investment. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ffg/3113602118/ Dave Walker/CC.BY.2.0
- 3. Recap! • How did the solve the problem of missing segments of DNA? • They filled it in with frog DNA • How is it possible to put frog DNA into Dinosaur DNA? • The genetic code is universal http://images.cdn.fotopedia.com/flickr-457428714-original.jpg Scott Kinmartin CC.BY.2.0
- 4. What is Cloning? Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Have you ever cut a sample from a plant? Click here to read more information on cloning and watch some animations. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/co ntent/cloning/whatiscloning/
- 5. How?? How do they get the DNA to clone an organism? Do you think the age of the cell matters? If your pet turtle dies tomorrow, and you clone it, will it look and act exactly like your pet turtle that died?
- 6. Many organisms have been cloned in the past 50 years with varying success • Mice, cattle, sheep, cat, deer, dog, horse, mule, ox, rabbit and rat, and a rhesus monkey have all been cloned. • Some lived longer than others. • Dolly the sheep (cloned in 1996) only lived about 6 years. Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_%28sheep%29 Steven Walling/CC. BY-SA 2.0
- 7. Genetic Modification • Defined as changing the genes of an organism using biotechnology. • Usually involves one gene, or a few genes, that contain instructions for a specific trait. • This has an effect on the resulting trait in the organism. • Can be used to replace or repair existing genes, or introduce brand new genes for new traits. • Click here for some more information http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/gtintro/
- 8. Genetically Modified Organisms http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GloFish.jpg CC.BY.2.0 Glofish and Green Luminescent Mice http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VegCorn.jpg CC.BY.2.0 Sweet Corn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food#mediaviewer/File:Papaya_sunset.jpg Hawaiian Papaya • Some modified traits are easily visible like these glowing animals. • And some modified traits are not easy to see, such as the disease resistance introduced to these fruits and vegetables
- 9. Cloning vs. Genetic Modification • Cloning humans is currently not allowed by law in any country on Earth. • Genetic modification is currently used to replace or repair mutated genes or to add new traits to an organism.
- 10. Think about the following… Turn to your shoulder partner and talk about these points. Press Pause, Think, & Share 1) Compare cloning and genetic modification. 2) Contrast between cloning and genetic modification.
- 11. Time to Write • Make three columns in your OneNote like below • Fill in with the information that was discussed. Cloning Both Genetic Modification