This Presentation Discusses the various types of macromolecules. Biology 1 (6-12 grades)

1. ORGANIC
MACROMOLECULES•Macromolecule means “Giant Molecule”
•Organic macromolecules are based on the
“skeleton” of carbon
•Life is based on Carbon for two reasons
1. Carbon is abundant in nature
2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself
and many other elements due to having
only four electrons in its highest occupied
energy level.

2. Carbon bonding

3. Polymerization
 Macromolecules are built by linking smaller
molecules (monomers) into long chains
(polymers)
 Monomers combine by disconnecting from
some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms
between them
 After the monomers bond, the excess oxygen
and hydrogen atoms combine forming a water
molecule
 Since the bonding process releases water, we
call it a dehydration reaction.

4. Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1) What is a macromolecule?
2) How many bonds can
carbon form?
3) What is the relationship
between monomers and
polymers?
Discuss in Today’s Meet these
questions.

5. What did you discuss?
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule made of several smaller
molecules
How many bonds can carbon form?
4, because it only has 4 electrons in its outer
shell.
What is the relationship between monomers
and polymers?
Monomers bond together to form polymers

6. Press Pause, Think, and Write
 Write down what was
important? OneNote.
 Be sure to include…
1) What a
macromolecule is?
2) How many bonds can
carbon form?
3) What the relationship
between monomers
and polymers is?

7. Types of Macromolecules
•Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches
•Lipids: Fats and Oils (Think Fat Lip)
•Proteins: Muscle tissue
•Enzymes
•Nucleic Acids: Microscopic genetic
material (information)

8. Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
 Carbohydrates are used for energy
 The monomers of carbohydrates make up a
simple sugar C6H12O6.
 These simple sugars are called monosaccharides
 All monosaccharides have the same molecular
formula just different shapes
 Examples
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose

9. Examples of Monosaccharides
Please notice the
shape!!

10. Carbohydrates:
Disaccharides
 Disaccharide = (two) double sugar
 They are made by joining two
monosaccharides
 Examples (all made by joining two sugar molecules)
1. Sucrose: table sugar
2. Maltose: grain sugar
3. Lactose: milk sugar

11. Example
Again, notice the shape of the sugars. Very common shape.

12. Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides
 Polysaccharide= many sugars
 This is a long chain of monosaccharides
 Examples:
1. Starch: Grain foods
2. Cellulose: Plant fibers

13. Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1) What is the general structure
of a carbohydrate?
2) What are the three types of
carbohydrates and describe
their structure?
3) What are the functions of
carbohydrates in living
things?
Discuss in Today’s Meet

14. What did you discuss?
What is the general structure of a carbohydrate
C6H12O6
What are the three types of carbohydrates and
describe their structure?
Monosaccharide= 1 sugar
Disaccharide= 2 sugars
Polysaccharide= 3 or more sugars
What are the functions of carbohydrates in
living things?
Provides quick immediate source of energy

15. Press Pause, Think, and Write
 Write down what was
important?
 Be sure to include…
1) What is the general
structure of a
carbohydrate?
2) What are the three
types of carbohydrates
and describe their
structure?
3) What are the functions
of carbohydrates in
living things?

16. Lipids
 Lipids are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
and oxygen
 Water-avoiding molecules= hydrophobic
 Lipids are used in three ways
 Long term energy storage
 Cushion of organs
 Skeleton of plasma membrane around cells
 Consist of two monomers bonded together
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acids (contains hydrocarbon chains)

17. Lipids

18. Types of Lipids
 If there is at least one
carbon to carbon bond
that is a double bond in
a fatty acid chain.
 When each carbon atom
in the fatty acid chain is
joined to another carbon
by a single bond.
Unsaturated: liquid at room
temperature
Saturated: solid at room
temperature

19. Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1) What are the two monomers
that make up lipids?
2) How are saturated and
unsaturated lipids different?
3) What are the functions of
lipids in living things?
Post your answers to these
questions in Today’s Meet.

20. What did you discuss?
What are the two monomers that make up lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
How are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?
Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature and
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
bonded to the carbon atoms.
Unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature
and have a double or triple bond on the carbon
atoms.
What are the functions of lipids in living things?
Long term energy storage and cushion for organs
Skeleton for plasma membrane in cells

21. Name these macromolecules and
their function

22. Proteins
 Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
and carbon
 Extremely long polymers of monomers called
amino acids
 Responsible for almost all of our day to day
functions
 Used for muscles, act as hormones and
enzymes, and do much of the work inside body
cells

23. •Amino acids are linked together in a chain
called a polypeptide
•The polypeptides are precisely twisted,
folded. And coiled into a unique shape
Building a Protein

24. Proteins up close and personal
 All amino acids have
three of the central
carbon's partners
the same and then
of side group that is
different
 The amino acids
combine to form
polypeptides which
then fold into
precise shapes

25. Press Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1) What are the monomers for
proteins
2) What is the relationship
between an amino acid,
polypeptide, and protein?
3) What are the functions of
proteins in living things?
Share your answers in Today’s
Meet.

26. What did you discuss?
What are the monomers for proteins
Amino acids
What is the relationship between an amino acid,
polypeptide, and protein?
Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a
polypeptide. The polypeptides are precisely twisted,
folded, and coiled into a unique shape whichs forms the
protein.
What are the functions of proteins in living things?
Used for muscles, act as hormones and enzymes, and
do much of the work inside body cells.
Video on: Carbs(Sugars), Lipids(fats), and Proteins:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

27. Nucleic Acids
 Monomer= Nucleotides
 Nucleotides have three parts
 Sugar
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogen Base

28. Nucleic Acids
 Many nucleotides come together to form the
polymer nucleic acids
 Examples= RNA and DNA
Functions= Hold our genetic
information

29. WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN?
 Bananas turn brown
when left outside after a
while because certain
chemicals in the fruit
react with the oxygen in
the air by destroying
cells, creating that icky
brown color.
 An Enzyme speeds this
reaction up!

30. Enzymes
 Unique type of protein
 Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the
energy needed to start the chemical reaction
(activation energy)
 Specific shape for specific reactions
 Can be used over and over again
Watch Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw

31. Let’s Recap
Macromolecule Structure (Monomer) Function
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
C6H12O6
• Short-term energy
Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids • Energy storage
• Cushion for organs
• Barriers
Proteins Amino acids • Muscles
• Speeds up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
• Transports things
• Makes hormones