classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
Cause of Diversity
Evolution
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Natural Selection
Evidence of Evolution
Misconceptions
References
Chapter 17
Evoution of Life
The Origin of Life
Did Life on Earth Originate on Mars?
Early Life on Earth
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
How Natural Selection Works
Adaptation
Staying Warm and Keeping Cool
Evolution and Genetics
How Species Form
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils: Earth's Tangible Evidence of Evolution
The Evolution of Humans
History of Science: The Peppered Moth
Science and Society: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Today’s Lesson
Diversity and Evolution
of Living Organisms
I. The scientific theory of evolution is the
organizing principle of life science.
II. The scientific theory of evolution is
supported by multiple forms of evidence.
III. Natural Selection is a primary mechanism
leading to change over time in organisms.
3. What is Evolution
• It means that all living things on Earth are descended
from a common ancestor.
• The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than
3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled every available
niche with life forms.
• The millions of different species of plants, animals, and
microorganisms that live on Earth today are related by
descent from common ancestors.
4. The concepts of common descent and
natural selection were first proposed
by Charles Darwin in his famous book,
The Origin of Species in 1859
5.
6.
7. Evidence for Evolution comes from
different sources and
various disciplines:
1. Fossils
2. Biogeography
3. The Law of Superposition
4. Artificial Selection
5. Vestigial Organs: The evolutionary legacy we carry within
our own bodies
6. Similarities: Comparative Anatomy
7. Overwhelming Genetic Evidence (not available in
Darwin’s time)
8. 1. Fossils:
Traces of long-dead organisms
There are different types of fossils here are just a few.
A body fossil is the actual remains of the organism. The most
common body fossils found are from the hard parts of the body,
including bones, claws and teeth.
9. Types of Fossils
• A cast fossil occurs
when the mold is
filled in by
precipitating
minerals.
• A fossil mold is formed by
the impression left in rock
by the remains of an
organism.
10. • A trace fossil consists
of an imprint or mark
left by an organism,
such as a footprint or
a tunnel, in contrast
to a fossil of an
organism's remains.
Types of Fossils
Scientists sometimes find
unaltered remains. This does
not mean the organism is
unchanged, but that the original
material of the organism has not
been changed to another
substance. The fossil may have
lost water, or color.
11. To learn more about the many different types
of fossils, check out: The National Center for
Science Education's Article on the subject
12. 2. Biogeography:
the study of where Earth’s
organisms live today
and in the past.
• For example, in the Origin of Species, Darwin pointed out
that fossils of giant armadillos and ground sloths are found
only in the Americas, not in the Old World or Australia.
• He thought that it was probably not a coincidence that
modern-day armadillos and tree sloths are only found
naturally in the Americas as well.
13. 3. The Law of Superposition
• Successive layers of rock or soil were
deposited on top of one another by
wind or water
• The lowest layer (stratum) will be the
oldest.
• Relative age: a given fossil is younger or
older than what is below or above it
• Absolute age: actual age based on
amount of sediment around fossil
• The fossil record shows five mass
extinctions in Earth history
14. 3. The Law of Superposition
The oldest
rock (lowest)
contains the
oldest
organisms.
15. What would make you change your
mind about Evolution?
• The famous biologist, J.B.S. Haldane, answered, “Find
me a rabbit fossil in Pre-Cambrian Rock.”
16. Darwin noticed how farmers and breeders
allowed only the plants and animals with
desirable characteristics to reproduce,
causing the evolution of farm stock. He
used this as evidence in Origin of Species.
These pics both show the same animal,
feral vs. domestic pigs.
Cows being milked in
ancient Egypt
4. Artificial Selection
17. A Great Example of Artificial Selection
“Artificial selection provides a model that helps us understand natural selection.
It is a small step to envision natural conditions acting selectively on populations
and causing natural changes.”
From www.evolution.berkeley.edu
18. 5. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES are features that were
adaptations for an organism’s ancestor but have evolved to
no longer perform their original function due to a change in
the organism’s environment.
Anal spurs
on a ball
python
C= hind legs on whale skeleton
Goose bumps
Goose bumps
19. 6. Similarities among related organisms:
Comparative Anatomy:
The study of Homologous
traits (ex. forearms)
features in different
species that are similar
because those species
share a common ancestor.
Homologous structures:
20. Embryonic development is also strikingly
similar among related organisms.
Comparative Embryology:
21. • Molecular Biology: is the strongest evidence for
evolution. Not even known in Darwin’s time, it
involves comparing the DNA of different species to
determine their relatedness.
• Just like our forelimbs or embryos are similar, so are
our genes.
• Genes are also homologous structures.
7. The latest overwhelming evidence for
evolution comes from molecular biology
23. And what is DNA?
The function of DNA is to store and transmit the
genetic information that tells cells which proteins
to make and when to make them
24. Does our DNA look like
the DNA of other species?
• Let's compare our DNA to our closest cousins
26. Natural Selection is a primary mechanism leading to
change over time in organisms.
It is the driving force behind evolution.
Brain Pop!!
What do you
think is going
on in this
picture?
27. Some important vocabulary:
• Population: A group of organisms all of the same
species
• Genotype: The actual set of genes (strips of DNA in the
chromosomes) which an organism carries inside.
• Phenotype: The outward, physical expression of those
genes.
• Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA of an
organism. If it is passed on to the organism’s
offspring, it may be harmful, harmless, or helpful for
the offspring.
28. What is Natural Selection?
Species evolve over time.
Natural Selection will occur if:
• Individuals in a population (group of organisms of the same
species) have genetic differences; they show variability.
• Not all of the individuals reproduce, but the reproduction is
not random.
• The individuals with an advantageous trait will increase
their chances of reproduction.
• These advantageous traits are passed on to their offspring.