Contribution to Systematic biology. KUSTKashif Obaid
Its all about general taxonomic characters and about the contribution to systematic biology...
Be ready dear KUSTIANS....
follow me and comment below in comment box to encourage me. thanks!
Contribution to Systematic biology. KUSTKashif Obaid
Its all about general taxonomic characters and about the contribution to systematic biology...
Be ready dear KUSTIANS....
follow me and comment below in comment box to encourage me. thanks!
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
this slide has more information how animals are important for us
its valueable for zoology and biology students
kindly like it and share it if you get usefull info.
and contact us
00923027876733
iubzoologist786@gmail.com
Through the process of evolution, few species of reptiles were transformed into modern birds.
This ppt describes about the similarities between reptiles and modern birds.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
ppt on flight adaptation
a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation.
a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this
plz like and share if you like it
this slide has more information how animals are important for us
its valueable for zoology and biology students
kindly like it and share it if you get usefull info.
and contact us
00923027876733
iubzoologist786@gmail.com
Through the process of evolution, few species of reptiles were transformed into modern birds.
This ppt describes about the similarities between reptiles and modern birds.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
Anatomy of Protozoa: Basic structure of protozoan cell. Major organelles protozoan cells and their function. Reproduction and and locomotion in Protozoans.
Powerpoint on viruses, bacteria, protists and Fungi. Intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Includes information on HIV, virus reproduction, malaria, TB, thrush, characteristics of microbes etc. Hope it helps!
A Powerpoint made for my school on the various types of Tissues within an Animal and a Plant and also describing their various functions.
Contents:
-Plant tissues
*Meristematic tissues
*Permanent tissues
*Simple permanent tissues
*Parenchyma
*Collenchyma
*Sclerenchyma
*Epidermis
*Complex permanent tissue
*Xylem
*Phloem
-Animal tissues
*Connective tissue
*Muscle tissue
*Nervous tissue
*Epithelial tissue
Special Reference to Wikepedia and Several Other Websites (Which I can't recall since I'd made this 2 years ago)
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
What is wound healing?
Classification of Wounds
Classification of Wounds Closure
Risk Factors for Surgical Wound Infections
Antibiotic Use
Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
25.1Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
25.2Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
25.3 Glycerol Metabolism
25.4 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25.5 ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
25.6 Ketone Bodies
25.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
25.8 Relationship Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates
25.9 Fate of Fatty-Acid Generated Acetyl CoA
25.10 Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
25.11B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism
24.1 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
24.2 Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
24.4 Gluconeogenesis
24.5 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
24.6 Glycolysis
24.7 Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
24.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
24.9 The Electron Transport Chain
24.10 Oxidative Phosphorylation
24.11 ATP Production for the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
24.12 Importance of ATP
24.13 Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
24.14 B-Vitamins and Carbohydrate Metabolism
22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids
22.2 Nucleotide Building Blocks
22.3. Nucleotide Formation
22.4 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
22.5 The DNA Double Helix
22.6 Replication of DNA Molecules
22.7 Overview of Protein Synthesis
22.8 Ribonucleic Acids
22.9 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
22.10 The Genetic Code
22.11 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
22.12 Translation: Protein Synthesis
22.13 Mutations
22.14 Nucleic Acids and Viruses
22.15 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
22.16 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids
22.2 Nucleotide Building Blocks
22.3. Nucleotide Formation
22.4 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
22.5 The DNA Double Helix
22.6 Replication of DNA Molecules
22.7 Overview of Protein Synthesis
22.8 Ribonucleic Acids
22.9 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
22.10 The Genetic Code
22.11 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
22.12 Translation: Protein Synthesis
22.13 Mutations
22.14 Nucleic Acids and Viruses
22.15 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
22.16 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
21.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes
21.2 Enzyme Structure
21.3 Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
21.4 Models of Enzyme Action
21.5 Enzyme Specificity
21.6 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
21.7. Extremozymes
21.8 Enzyme Inhibition
21.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
21.10 Prescription Drugs That Inhibit Enzyme Activity
21.11 Medical Uses of Enzymes
21.12 General Characteristics of Vitamins
21.13 Water-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin C
21.14 Water-Soluble Vitamins: The B Vitamins
21.15 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
20.1 Characteristics of Proteins
20.2 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins
20.3 Essential Amino Acids
20.4 Chirality and Amino Acids
20.5 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
20.6 Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid
20.7 Peptides
20.8 Biochemically Important Small Peptides
20.9 General Structural Characteristics of Proteins
20.10 Primary Structure of Proteins
20.11 Secondary Structure of Proteins
20.12 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
20.13 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
20.14 Protein Hydrolysis
20.15 Protein Denaturation
20.16 Protein Classification Based on Shape
20.17 Protein Classification Based on Function
20.18 Glycoproteins
20.19 Lipoproteins
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity
Protoplasmic grade of organization.
Found in unicellular organisms. All life functions are confined within the boundaries of
a single cell. Within the cell, protoplasm is differentiated into organelles capable of
performing specialized functions.
Cellular grade of organization.
Aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated. Such cells have little tendency to
become organized into. Some flagellates, such as Volvox, that have distinct somatic and
reproductive cells might be placed at the cellular level of organization.
Cell-tissue grade of organization.
A step beyond the preceding is the aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns or
layers, thus becoming a tissue. The jellyfishes and their relatives (Cnidaria) more clearly
demonstrate the tissue plan. An excellent example of a tissue in cnidarians is the nerve net,
in which nerve cells and their processes form a definite tissue structure, with the function of
coordination.
3. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity
Tissue-organ grade of organization.
Organs are usually composed of more than one kind of
tissue and have a more specialized function than tissues.
The first appearance of this level is in flatworms
(Platyhelminthes), in which there are well-defined organs
such as eyespots, proboscis, and reproductive organs. In
fact, the reproductive organs are well organized into a
reproductive system.
Organ-system grade of organization.
When organs work together to perform some function, we have
the highest level of organization—the organ system. Systems are
associated with the basic body functions—circulation,
respiration, digestion, and the others. Most animal phyla
demonstrate this type of organization.
4. A tissue is a group of similar cells
(together with associated cell
products) specialized for the
performance of a common function.
Types of Tissues
The study of tissues is called histology
.
During embryonic development, the
germ layers become differentiated
into four kinds of tissues. These are
epithelial, connective, muscular,
and nervous tissues.
5. Epithelial Tissue
An epithelium (pl., epithelia) is a sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface.
Outside the body, the epithelium forms a protective covering. Inside, the epithelium lines
all organs of the body cavity, as well as ducts and passageways through which various
materials and secretions move. On many surfaces epithelial cells are modified into glands
that produce lubricating mucus or specialized products such as hormones or enzymes.
Functions:
-Cover external body surfaces and cavities, and line other internal body cavities.
- form necessary portions of glands
- forms a protective covering of all body surfaces against mechanical injury and loss
of water.
- may be modified to carry out special functions of absorption, secretion, excretion,
sensation and respiration.
All types of epithelia are supported by an underlying basement membrane,
which is a condensation of the ground substance of connective tissue.
12. Connective tissues are a diverse group of tissues that serve various binding and
supportive functions. They are so widespread in the body. It is composed of
relatively few cells, many extracellular fibers, and a ground substance (also called
matrix), in which the fibers are embedded.
Connective Tissue
Classifications:
-Connective Tissue Proper
- Cartilage
- Bone (Osseous Tissue)
- Blood (Vascular Tissue)
Connective Tissue Proper
Fibers form the main bulk of the tissue embedded within the matrix.
3 kinds of intercellular fiber
-Collagenous fibers – colorless, fine & flexible protein fibers lying parallel forming
bundles
- Elastic fibers – fibrillar branched & elastic protein fibers forming irregular network.
- Reticular fibers – extremely fine & highly branched forming networks
-Collagenous and reticular fibers may
simply be diff. morph. expressions of a
single fibrous protein.
13. Made up of highly elastic fibers w/ few
scattered thin collagen fibers. This tissue fills
the space between organs & serves as
packing materials surrounding elements of
other tissues. Binds muscle cells together &
binds skin to underlying tissues.
2 Kinds of Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue
Made up of thick collagen fibers and dark,
compressed cells between the fiber bundles.
This tissue occurs in tendons, ligaments, dermis
of the skin, and submucous layer of the intestine
and urinary tract.
14. - not covered by
perichondrium found in
intervertebral discs,
symphysis pubis, and in
mandibular joints
Cartilage
Elastic cartilageHyaline cartilage
Made up of cartilage cells, chondrocytes, lodged in cavities or spaces called lacunae
scattered irregularly in the matrix that appears transparent and homogenous but composed
of dense collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a rubbery ground substance. It is
produced by the chondroblast in a process called chondrification.
3 types of cartilage
-Covered by a fibrous layer,
perichondrium
- found in nose, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, ends of
ribs, surfaces of bones w/in
cavities
- yellow in color, greater
flexibility and elasticity due
to prominince of elastic
fibers.
- enveloped by
perichondrium found in
external ear, eustachian
tube & epiglottisFibrocartilage
Cartilage facilitate
movements of joints,
provide flexibility and
support
15.
16. Bone (Osseous) Tissue
A hard specialized connective tissue w/ its collagenous matrix impregnated w/ mineral salt
deposits, including calcium and phosphorus. Consists of cells called osteocytes & masked
collagenous fibers embedded in a matrix containing ostein. Derived from ossein, bone
collagen. Fibrous CT covering the bone is periosteum, while endosteum lines the bone
marrow cavity. Bone is produced by osteoblast in a process called ossification. Functions
for support, protection, assisting for movement and storage of minerals.
Classification according to shape
Long bone
Composed of middle portion, the diaphysis or
shaft, and the epiphysis or ends of the bone.
Bones of legs and arm.
Flat bone
Lacks a bone marrow. Bones of skull and
scapula.
Irregular bone
Neither long nor flat & also lacks bone
marrow. Bones of wrist and ankle.
17.
18. Bone (Osseous) Tissue
Lamellae
Series of concentric rings/circles arround a
central Haversian canal
Lacunae
Small spaces in between the Lamellae w/c
contain the osteocytes.
Osteocytes
Bone cells
Canaliculi
Minute channels that linked lacunae together
w/c provides routes by w/c nutrients can
nutrients can reach the osteocytes & removal of
waste materials
Haversian canals
Central tubes w/c contain
blood vessels and nerves
Bone marrow
Responsible for production of blood cells
and storage of chemical energy.
19.
20. Blood (Vascular) Tissue
Consists of cells, matrix, and fibers. Functions in transporting gases, nutrients, hormones,
enzymes and other substances to and from different parts of the body; in blood clotting;
defense of the body; regulating body fluid electrolytes; in controlling pH (7.4); & in
maintaining body temperature.
Components of the blood
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Most numerous. Disc shape containing large amounts of hemoglobin. Tend to
adhere one another by thin flat or broad surfaces and form rows resembling
piles of coins known as Ruoleaux formation.
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)
Generally bigger, nucleated, w/out hemoglobin, fewer in number w/c
originates from bone marrow, spleen, & lymphatic tissues. Do not exhibit
Ruoleaux formation. Functions in body defense against microorganisms by
their phagocytic action & antibody production
Granulated (granulocyte)
w/ granules on cytoplasm & w/ 1 or
more nucleus
-Eosinophil – two lobed nucleus
-Basophil – S-shaped nucleus
-Neutrophil – w/ 3 or 4 nuclei
Agranulated (agranulocyte)
w/out granules on cytoplasm & with only 1 nuclei
-Lymphocyte – the smallest; produces antibody
- Monocyte – mono-nucleated cell; transformed into
macrophage
21. Blood (Vascular) Tissue
Components of the blood
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Small, non-nucleated, colorless, round/ovel biconcave corpuscle produced by a
giant cell called megakaryocyte found in bone marrow. Plays vital role in blood
clotting.
Plasma
Liquid component of blood (90% water) w/c contains numerous cells, organic
& inorganic salts, hormones, nitrogenous wastes and other substances like
prothrombin and fibrinogen, and antibodies against infection.
Hemoglobin
Protein constituent of the blood responsible for the attachment of oxygen and
for the red coloring of the blood.
24. Muscular Tissue
Responsible for body’s movement, heat production, and posture maintenance. Displays
excitability, contractility in response to stimulation due to the presence of numerous fine
fibers, myofibrils.
Muscle fibers
Consist of myofibrils, composed chemically of a protein called actomyosin. Each myofibril
is made up of alternating myofilaments, the thin actin and the thick myosin filaments.
Myofibril exhibits alternate anisotropic (A) & isotropic (I) striations. A relaxed myofibril
has A and I bands approximately of equal width. The I band transverse at the middle by a
thin zigzag line, Z disk (darker zone), while A band is transversed by a thin M-line & H-zone
(central light area). The segment between the two Z-disks represents sarcomere,
functional unit of muscle contraction. Contraction of muscle is the result of the sliding of
two sets of myofilaments w/ respect to each other, wherein A band remains constant but I
band shortens. With relaxation, the original arrangement of disks returns.
26. Classification
Muscular Tissue
Consist of long, cylindrical muscle fibers w/
crossbanded or striated appearance. Found
attached to skeleton, voluntary in action
because movement is the result of impulses.
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, branched muscle fibers (Y-shaped),
has single central nucleus. Multifibers are
attached by intercalated discs. Formed by
myocardium (middle, thicker layer).
Involuntary.
27. Classification
Muscular Tissue
Consist of spindle shaped cells w/c are thickened at the middle but tapered towards the
ends. An oval or rod-shaped nucleus occupies in the central, thickest portion of the cell
body. Consist of unstriated muscle. Capable of peristalsis, contractions on the walls of the
digestive tract. Involuntary in action.
Visceral/Smooth Muscle
28.
29. Nervous Tissue
Specialized for conduction of nerve impulses.
Consists of 2 specialized elements, neurons, w/c is
the functional/structural units capable of receiving &
conducting impulses; neuroglia, composed of glial
cells & fibers, w/c serve support & bind together the
component nervous elements.
Cell body (Cyton)
Composed of central nucleus w/in the protoplasmic
fluid called neuroplasm.
Cell processes
Cytoplasmic extensions that continue for a
considerable length from the cell body.
Dendrite/Dendron
One or more process; Short; carries impulses
towards cell body
Axon/axis cylinder
Single process; Long; do not branch near cell body.
Conveys impulses away from cell body
30. Nervous Tissue
During the nerve impulse transmission, association of
processes of two nuerons forms a synapse (junction
between two successive neurons). Dendrites of one neuron,
associated through synapse with axon endings of
functionally related neurons, receive the nerve impulse from
another neuron. Neurons are sensitive to different types of
stimuli s.a temperature, pressure, light, etc. These nerve cells
transmit electrical nerve impulses thereby moving
information around the body.
Nervous tissue is specialized for reception of stimuli and
conduction of impulses from one region to another. Two basic
types of cells in nervous tissue are neurons (nerve), the basic
functional unit of the nervous system, and neuroglia, a variety of
non-nervous cells that insulate neuron membranes and serve
various supportive functions.
31. Type of Neurons according to function
Sensory (Afferent Neuron)
conducts impulses towards CNS
Motor (Efferent neuron)
conducts impulses away from the
CNS
Association (Interneuron)
conducts impulses w/in CNS
Type of Neurons according number of cell
processes
Myelin sheath
Covers axon of a neuron
34. Animal Symmetry
Symmetry refers to balanced proportions, or correspondence in size and shape of parts
on opposite sides of a median plane.
Spherical symmetry means that any
plane passing through the center
divides the body into equivalent, or
mirrored, halves.
This type of symmetry is found chiefly
among some unicellular forms and is
rare in animals. Spherical forms are
best suited for floating and rolling.
35. Radial symmetry applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than
two planes passing through the longitudinal axis. These are tubular, vase, or bowl shapes
found in some sponges and in hydras, jellyfish, sea urchins, and related groups, in which
one end of the longitudinal axis is usually the mouth.
The two phyla that are primarily radial,
Cnidaria and Ctenophora, are called the
Radiata.
Animal Symmetry
Echinoderms (sea stars and their kin) are
primarily bilateral animals (their larvae are
bilateral) that have become secondarily
radial as adults.
36. Bilateral symmetry applies to animals that can be divided along a sagittal plane into two
mirrored portions— right and left halves.
Animal Symmetry
The appearance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution was a major advancement,
because bilateral animals are much better fitted for directional (forward) movement
than are radially symmetrical animals.
Bilateral animals form a monophyletic group
called the Bilateria. Bilateral symmetry is
strongly associated with cephalization.
37. Animal Symmetry
Invertebrates pectoral refers to the chest
region or the area supported by the
forelegs, and pelvic refers to the hip region
or the area supported by the hind legs.
Terms used for locating regions of bilaterally-symmetrical animals:
anterior, used to designate the head end
posterior, the opposite or tail end
ventral, the front or belly side
Medial refers to the midline of the body
dorsal, the back side
lateral, to the sides
Distal parts are far from the middle of the
body
proximal parts are nearer
frontal plane (coronal plane) divides a bilateral
body into dorsal and ventral halves.
Sagittal plane the plane dividing an animal into
right and left halves
transverse plane (cross section) would cut
through a dorsoventral and a right-left
axis at right angles to both the sagittal
and frontal planes and would result in
anterior and posterior portions.