ppt on flight adaptation a well prepared ppt on the topic of bird's flight adaptation. a good collaboration of knowledge on this topic , hope all of you like this plz like and share if you like it

1. FLIGHT ADAPTATION IN
BIRDS
Represented by-
Pranaya Prasad Kar
Bs-18-085
Zoology (Hons) 2nd year

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Birds have many adaptations for flight.

4. • Birds and many theropods share anatomical features.
– hollow bones
– fused collarbones that form V-shaped wishbone
– rearranged muscles in the hips and legs
– “hands” that have lost their fourth and fifth fingers
– feathers

5. • The oldest undisputed fossilized bird is Archaeopteryx.

6. • A bird’s body is specialized for flight.
• Birds have several unique
features that allow them to fly.
– wings to produce flight
– strong flight muscles to move
the wings
– active metabolism that
provides energy to the
muscles
– hollow bone structure to
minimize weight
– gonads active during only
part of year

7. - airfoli shape
- covered with feathers
• Wings are structures that enable birds to fly.

8. • Air sacs help a bird meet its oxygen demand during flight.

9. • The shape of a bird’s wing reflects the way it flies.
– short and broad
– long and narrow
• Birds have spread to many ecological niches.

10. • The shape of a bird’s wing reflects the way it flies.
- wide and broad
- stout and tapered

11. • Differences in the shape of a bird’s beak reflects how it
eats.
– spearlike
– hooked
– chisel-shaped
blue-footed booby Bald eagle green
woodpecker

12. • Birds show great diversity in their foot shape.
– webbed
– heavy claws
– different toe location
blue-footed booby
bald eagle
green
woodpecker

13. • Feathers: Anatomy

14. • Feather Types

15. • Flight Feathers

16. • Flight feathers and the Wing
• Primaries
– Attached to hand
– Asymmetrical vanes
– Owls have silent flight because of
barbs on front of vane
– Generate thrust (forward motion)
• Secondaries
– Attached to ulna
– Generate lift
• Tail feathers
– Function in steering and braking

17. • Wing shapes
Great once in the air, but first need to get launched!
- Mastery of Flight beginning of video

18. • Feather care
• Birds preen up to once an hour!
• Some preening glands have lipids which resist keratin
eating fungi and bacteria

19. • Adaptations for flight: Anatomical
• Feathers
• Wing
• Reproduction (internal, eggs)
• Bones

20. • Anatomical adaptations: Bones
• Lightweight, strutted or hollow
• No teeth
• Modified forelimb
• Fused bones of pelvis,
feet, hands, head
• Uncinate processes on ribs
• Furcula (wishbone)

21. • Flight Adaptations: Physiological adaptations
• Endothermic
• Separate red and white muscle fibers

22. • Flight Adaptations: Red versus White fibers
• Red fibers = sustained work, ability to produce heat by
shivering
• White fibers – powerful stroke but cannot be sustained

23. • High metabolic demands require rapid circulation of high volumes of
blood.
– Four chambered heart
• Double circulatory system (pulmonary and systemic)
– Large heart -50-100% larger and more powerful than mammals of
the same size.

24. • Flight Adaptations: Respiratory System
• Mammals: simple but inefficient. 20% of air never
contacts a respiratory surface for exchange
• Birds require 2 full breaths to move air completely
through system. More efficient w/ help of air sacs
• In addition to lungs, th ey have ~9 air sacks extending
into abdomen, land toward wings

25. • Flight Adaptations: Urinary system
• Sources:
• High metabolism = high metabolic
water production (up to 80% of requirements)
• Food: particularly birds of prey and insectivores.
• Seed eaters need the most water
• Free water – streams, watering hole, raindrops, snow

26. • Water conservation
• Excrete uric acid – a semi-solid with 2x the nitrogen per
molecule.
Concentrated in cloaca up to 3000x the acid level as in
blood

27. • Flight Adaptations: No teeth…Digestive system impact?
• Crop
• Proventriculus (stomach)
• Ventriculus (Gizzard)
• Intestines
– Caecae

28. • Bird Adaptations: Reproductive System
• Bird Egg
• One functional ovary (less weight)
• Nest structure and bird behavior create microclimate for
embryo
• Laying/incubating eggs
is dangerous.
• Need to avoid predators!
– Site choice
– Nest structure
– Adult behavior

29. THE END