This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
History of Genetic Engineering
Tools of Genetic Engineering
Principles of rDNA technology
Applications of Genetic Engineering in agriculture medicine and orthodontics
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology And BiotechnologyZohaib HUSSAIN
The property of DNA to replicate and reproduce and to have a sequence also called as coding sequence for mRNA and ultimately for protein. The most important feature of DNA is if DNA coding for protein is from one organism is copy and paste in another it will express there to. This feature is manipulated for benefit of humans using technique called recombinant DNA Technology using which lots of improvements are done in agriculture, health care sector and industrial sector.
To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
both vector mediated and vector less or direct gene transfer technique is explained.
Vector mediated involves pTi plasmid of "Agrobacterium tumefacians", which is used to transfer desired gene in to the host plant cell or protoplast.
Vector less or direct transfer of gene to the host plant cell or protoplast are by few mwthods they are as follows:
1. Chemical mediated gene transfer
2. Microinjection
3. Electroporation
4. Particle gun/Particle bombardment
5. Lipofection
all the above methods are explained in the presentation.
Improved performances and productivity are also explained followed by advantage and disadvantages then to conclusion and references.
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted, instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: for example, transgenic Bt corn, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops.
What is the need of transgenic plants?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. The desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done - generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes - but this approach expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross pollination and selection techniques.
Bio saftey in transgenics & its productsVipin Shukla
Transgenic plants are those plants were we insert an foreign gene in an host genome to modify its characters such as Stress tolerance, Virus resistant, Biotic and Abiotic Tolerance etc.
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2. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
• The production of medically useful
proteins such as somatostatin,
insulin, human growth hormone and
Interferon is very important.
• Interleukin -2 ( regulates immune
response) and blood clotting
factor VIII have been recently
cloned.
3. • Synthetic vaccines are also being
developed
with
recombinant
techniques.
• Pig embryos injected with human
haemoglobin gene develop into
transgenic that synthesize human
haemoglobin.
• By
culturing
fluorescens,
Pseudomonas
Mupirocin
4. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• Manufacture of proteins products by using microorganisms.
• Bacteria that metabolize petroleum and other toxic materials
have been developed.
• Scorpion toxin gene has been inserted into autographa california
multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) which kills
cabbage looper and reduces crop damages.
• Development of new strains for additional bioprocesses.
5. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
• Genes of interest is inserted into plant
with
Ti
plasmid
obtained
from
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
• Pseudomonas syringae that protects
plants from frost damage is used
against plant frost damage because
they lack the protein that induce the
formation of ice-crystals.
6. Recombinant Technology Steps:
1.Isolation of DNA segment.
2.Formation of Recombinant DNA.
3.Production of multiple copies of recombinant DNA.
4.Introduction of recombinant DNA into host.
5.Screening of the transformed cells.
7. Example :
Incorporation of gene
producing 2,4diacetylphloroglucinol
(DAPG) into Ti plasmid of
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, which in turn is
applied to plants to
8. Plant pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium
tumefaciens is responsible for much success
in the gentic engineering of plants.
The bacterium causes gall diseases in
plants due to the presence of Ti plasmid,
which is pathogenic. The Ti plasmid carries
gene for virulence and the substances
involved in the regulation of plant growth. The
region on the gene that induce the formation
of gall is the T- DNA and is very similar to
transposon.
10. The gene of interest are spliced into the TDNA region between the direct repeats.
Then the plasmid is returned to A.
tumefaciens, plant culture cells are
infected with the bacterium and
transformants are selected by screening
for antibiotic production.
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), is an
antibiotic produced by some strains
of Pseudomonas fluorescence , is involved
in suppression of several fungal root
pathogens as well as plant-parasitic
11.
12. Return the plasmid into the bacterium, A. tumefaciens
Transform the A. Tumefaciens and grow the bacteria on plates.
Subject the plate to darkness to check for the presence of fluorescence
Select the colonies that show fluorescence
Grow the bacteria in liquid media.
Inject the tissue of plant culture and grow into a plant
OR
Spray the seeds with the transformed bacterium.