Restriction Endonucleases are enzymes from bacteria that can recognize specific base sequences in DNA and cut (restrict) the DNA at that site (the restriction site). This powerpoint sllides illustrate the introduction, examples, nomenclature and types of restriction endonucleases.
Restriction Endonucleases are enzymes from bacteria that can recognize specific base sequences in DNA and cut (restrict) the DNA at that site (the restriction site). This powerpoint sllides illustrate the introduction, examples, nomenclature and types of restriction endonucleases.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. As many mutations can cause cancer in animals, such mutagens can therefore be carcinogens, although not all necessarily are. All mutagens have characteristic mutational signatures with some chemicals becoming mutagenic through cellular processes.
The process of DNA becoming modified is called mutagenesis. Not all mutations are caused by mutagens: so-called "spontaneous mutations" occur due to spontaneous hydrolysis, errors in DNA replication, repair and recombination.
Discovery
The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, substances that were shown to be linked to cancer. Tumors were described more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA; in 500 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates named tumors resembling a crab karkinos (from which the word "cancer" is derived via Latin), meaning crab.[1] In 1567, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested that an unidentified substance in mined ore (identified as radon gas in modern times) caused a wasting disease in miners,[2] and in England, in 1761, John Hill made the first direct link of cancer to chemical substances by noting that excessive use of snuff may cause nasal cancer.[3] In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott wrote a paper on the high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, and suggested chimney soot as the cause of scrotal cancer.[4] In 1915, Yamagawa and Ichikawa showed that repeated application of coal tar to rabbit's ears produced malignant cancer.[5] Subsequently, in the 1930s the carcinogen component in coal tar was identified as a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are also present in soot, which was suggested to be a causative agent of cancer over 150 years earlier.
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. As many mutations can cause cancer in animals, such mutagens can therefore be carcinogens, although not all necessarily are. All mutagens have characteristic mutational signatures with some chemicals becoming mutagenic through cellular processes.
The process of DNA becoming modified is called mutagenesis. Not all mutations are caused by mutagens: so-called "spontaneous mutations" occur due to spontaneous hydrolysis, errors in DNA replication, repair and recombination.
Discovery
The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, substances that were shown to be linked to cancer. Tumors were described more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA; in 500 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates named tumors resembling a crab karkinos (from which the word "cancer" is derived via Latin), meaning crab.[1] In 1567, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested that an unidentified substance in mined ore (identified as radon gas in modern times) caused a wasting disease in miners,[2] and in England, in 1761, John Hill made the first direct link of cancer to chemical substances by noting that excessive use of snuff may cause nasal cancer.[3] In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott wrote a paper on the high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, and suggested chimney soot as the cause of scrotal cancer.[4] In 1915, Yamagawa and Ichikawa showed that repeated application of coal tar to rabbit's ears produced malignant cancer.[5] Subsequently, in the 1930s the carcinogen component in coal tar was identified as a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are also present in soot, which was suggested to be a causative agent of cancer over 150 years earlier.
genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic
This presentation includes the basic knowledge of Ames Test with a lot of understandable knowledge. I hope all the finders liked it and also remember me in your precious Dua. Thank You!
Isolation of Mutant
Made by :Shveta Arya
B.Pharm
Positive Selection
Positive selection entails growing the culture on a medium that will allow for the growth of only the mutant colonies.
If, for example, we want to find mutants that resistant to penicillin, we grow the culture on a medium that contains penicillin. Only those colonies that are resistant to penicillin will grow and we can identify them directly.
Negative Selection:
Negative selection is used to identify mutants that have lost the ability to perform a certain function that their parents had.
Auxotrophic mutants, for example, are bacteria that have lost the ability to synthesize an essential nutrient.
The replica-plating technique is used to identify mutants by negative selection.
the replica-plating technique can be used, for example, to identify mutants that have lost the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine. Therefore, mutants are His- and require histidine in order to survive.
Inoculate a histidine enriched medium with bacteria. Incubate so that cells can form colonies. This is the master plate.
Press a sterile velvet surface into the colonies of the master plate. Some cells from each of the colonies adhere to the velvet.
Prepare two mediums, one with histidine, the other without histidine.
Transfer cells from the velvet to each plate.
Compare growth on the two plates after incubation. Colonies that grow on the histidine enriched medium but not on the medium lacking histidine are His- mutants
Ames test
The Ames Test utilizes a histidine auxotroph of Salmonella to determine if a chemical agent is a mutagen. Though some spontaneous back mutations (a reversion back to the strain of Salmonella that can synthesize histadine) can occur, if many colonies of the microbe appear on the minimal plate after the addition of the test chemical, this is an indication the the chemical is a mutagen.
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Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.
synonyms : copying, infringement of copyright, piracy, theft, stealing, poaching, appropriation; informalcribbing
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. ISOLATION OF MUTANTS:
Mutation occurring in microorganism can be
detected and efficiently isolated from the parent
organism of other mutants.
While studying we must be aware of wild type
characters of an organism ,so the mutants can
easily detected.
In bacteria and other haploid microorganism, the
detection system are straight forward because any
new allele should be observed immediately.
3. • In albino mutation, the detection is very simple. It
requires only change in colour of bacterial colony.
• The other detection systems are rather complex.
5. 1. REPLICA PLATING
TECHNIQUE:
Joshua and Esther Ledgerberg (1952) developed a
new technique called replica plating .
This technique is used to detect auxotrophic
mutants and wild type strains on the basis of ability
to grow in the absence of amino acids.
Also this test is used to demonstrate the presence
of antibiotic resistance in bacterial cultures prior to
exposure of antibiotic
6. STEPS INVOLVED
Generate the mutants by treating a culture with a
mutagen e.g.nitrosoguanidine .
Inoculate a plate containing complete growth
medium and incubate it at proper temperature. Both
wild type and mutant survivors will from complete
medium.
This plate containing complete medium is called
master plate.
7. Prepare a piece of sterile velvet and gently on the
upper surface of the master plate to pick up
bacterial cell from each colony.
As pressed the master plate, again gently press
the velvet on the replica plates containing complete
medium in one set and lacking cine in only leucine
in the other set.
Thus, the bacterial cells are transferred in replica
plates in the same position as in master plate.
Incubate the plates and compare the replica plate
with master plate for bacterial colony not growing
on replica plate..
8.
9. 2.RESISTANCE SELECTION METHOD
This is another method used for isolation of
mutants.
Generally the wild the wild type cells not resistant
either to antibiotics or bacteriophage.
Therefore, it is possible to grow the bacterium in the
presence of agent.
This method is applied for isolation of mutants
resistant to chemical compounds that can be
amended in agar, phage resistant mutants.
10. 3.SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION METHOD :
This method is employed in the selection of
bacteria. Several bacteria utilize only a few carbon
sources.
The cultures are plated on to medium containing
alternate carbon sources.
Any colony that grows on medium can use the
substrate and are possibly mutants. These can be
isolated.
Sugar utilization mutants are also isolated by
means of color indicator plates.
EMB medium is used for this purpose.
This medium contain lactose sugar as carbon
source and complete mixture of amino acids.
11. Therefore both lactose wild type and lactose mutant
cells can grow and form colonies on EMB agar
plates.
The lac+ cells catabolize lactose and secrete
acids,therefore the pH of the medium decreases.
This will result in staining of colony to dark purple.
On the other hand, Lac- cells are unable to utilize
lactose and use some of the amino acids as carbon
source.
After utilization of amino acid, ammonia is produced
that increases the pH and de colorize the dye
resulting in white colony.
12. 4. AMES TEST :
4. Ames test In 1974 Bruce Ames developed a
method for evaluating the potential of chemical to
cause cancer, known as Ames test .
Ames test is based on the principle that both
cancer and mutations results from the damage of
DNA, and results of experiments have
demonstrated that 90% of known carcinogen are
also mutagens.
Several species of salmonella typhimurium are
employed. Each strain contains a different mutation
in the operon histidine biosynthesis.
13. STEPS OF AMES TEST:-
Prepare the culture of Salmonella histidine
auxotrophs (His-).
Mix the bacterial cells and test substance(
mutagen) in dilute molten top agar with a small
amount of histidine in one set, and control with
cmplete medium plus large amount of histidine .
Pour the molten mix on the top of minimal agar
plates and incubate at 37°C for 2-3 days.
14. Until histidine is depleted all the His- cells will grow
in the presence of test mutagen.
When the histidine is completely exhausted only
the revertants will grow on the plate.
The number of spontaneous revertants is low,
whereas the number of revertant induced by
carcinogen is quite high.
High number of colonies represent the greater
mutagenicity.
15. o A mammalian liver extract is added to the above
molten top agar before plating.
o The extract converts the carcinogen in to
electrophilic derivatives which will soon react with
DNA molecule.
o In natural way it is occurs in mammalian system
when foreign particle are metabolized in the liver.
o Bacteria does not have metabolizing capacity,
therefore, the liver extract is added to this test, to
promote transformation.