Applications of recombinant_DNA_tech

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Topic
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in health,
Agriculture,Environment and Industry
 Introduction
Recombinant DNA Technology is the technique in which the DNA is combine from two different
sources,to make new combinations.Recombinant DNA molecule formed through recombinant DNA
technology.The process of recombinant DNA technology involves the identification of gene of
interest,ligation into suitable vector and then transferring into the expression system for the proper
expression.Mostly the E.coli is used for the expression system.There are some applications of the
recombinant DNA technology.
 Application ofrecombinant DNAtechnology in health
Production of vaccines
Vaccines are live attenuated or
modified pathogens given to an
individual to trigger immunity
against antigen. By recombinant dna
technology, antigen producing gene
and plasmid combined , rDna formed
and used as vaccine or insert into
another host where immunogenic
antibodies produced will be used as
vaccine.
Viral vaccines prepared through it
probably includes HIV, hepatitis B ,
Herpex ,mouth and foot diseases.
In figure:
Have example of hepatitis B vaccine
producing due to expression of rDna
in yeast cell that multiplies and produce HB antigen. Extract then purify them. Available for
human vaccination.
Commercial and pharmaceutical products
Insulin
Insulin(hormone) controls glucose level in humans. Improper functioning of
hormones lead to diabetics. By rDna , done cloning of human insulin gene and put in E.coli.

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Culturing of these engineered or recombinant E.coli perform and now have availability of
insulin. This microbial involving method is much better and is devoid of getting by-products by
animal slaughtering.
Human growth hormone
HGH is homing polypeptide means have role in growth ,
regeneration or differentiation. Number of human growth hormone commercially present using
recombinant dna technology. E.g dwarfism treating by injecting these.
For this procedure, take human growth from human cell then insert in plasmid , form
recombinant. Insertion of rDna into host by vector .
Interferon
Interferon are group of proteins that interfere with viral multiplication or
replication.
When any viral gets entry into cell, infected cell or tissue releases interferon that spread to
nearby cells and stop viral protein synthesis. Due to interference ability can use cure cancer e.g
hairy cell leukemia. By rDna, we become capable of making this protein. Alpha component of
which have role in curing lymphoma and myelogenous leukemia.
Antibiotics
Artificially prepared antibiotics also available by recombinant dna technology.
They denature harmful living pathogens. Example of which is pencillin in 1928 by alexander
flemming.
1. Monoclonal antibodies
Production
of antibody occur in the presence of
specific or foreign antigen particle. Our
blood contains several antibody serum
derived from different antigenic molecule.
Further with isolating and culturing
procedure, these specific lymphocytes are
cultured in-vitro, known as monoclonal
antibodies. They are monospecific and
protein in nature.
But disadvantage of these specific
antibodies is their instability in culture
environment. This problem is overcome
by Hybridoma technology. B-cells (have ability to generate antibodies) are fused with myeloma
cells (cancerous cells) of same isotype, resulting hybrid cells.

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Applications of moAb
 Used as diagnostic agent of diseased infection and pregnancy test.
 In treatment of cancer and veterinary cases.
 Develop effective vaccines for human, animal and plant also.
2. Molecular diagnosis of diseases
Diagnostic kits are produced with the help of
recombinant Dna technology for the diagnosis of genetic (huntington’s chorea,etc) as well as
infectious diseases (measles, TB, cholera, hepatitis, cancer, small pox, certain pathogens, etc).
As isolating and then identification of that particular diseased pathogen was very time
consuming and slow process while diagnostic kits according to their specific sequence identify
these pathogenic organisms which is very accurate, fast and specific method. These tools are
based on the principle of ELISA, PCR based techniques and RIA Essays. For example in the
diagnosis of HIV: “first antibody test will proceed by using recombinant HIV protein to measure
antibodies in body that proliferate when there is HIV infection. Then, the DNA test uses reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) to detect presence of HIV genetic material.
This is used for analyzing the genome sequence.” Constructing probes “that are short sequence
nucleotides” with labelled marker are important strategy in diagnosis of diseases while other is
MAB production.
3. Medically Important Compounds in Berries
Modified strawberries increases the sugar
level and antioxidant activity by rolC gene. Glycosyl-transferase and transferase are have major
role in glycosylation of anthocyanins. Some nutrition related genes for different components in
strawberry including “ proanthocyanidin, l-ascorbate, flavonoid, polyphenols, and flavonoid” are
important for improving the component of interest through genetic transformation. In case of
raspberry, “bHLH and FRUITE4 genes control the anthocyanin components” whereas
“ERubLRSQ072H02 is related to flavonol”. By specific transformation, these genes can enhance
the production and improve the quality. All these compounds have medical values
4. Gene therapy
Many diseases are the result of mutation or other factors in the
genome. These “mutated” or “faulty” genes are manipulated by foreign normal functioning gene,
is the phenomenon of gene therapy. For example in cancerous patients, p53 gene is inserting into
patients by following this procedure.
5. DNA fingerprinting
Dr. Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting technique. Every
person have its unique finger patterns that differs from other individual. There is possibility to
alter these patterns but specific principle is unknown. Finger prints are detected on the basis of
number of highly polymorphic genes.

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Applications
 Used in criminal identification.
 For child parentage establishment.
 Helpful for deduction of racial group.
 Applications of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture
Plants are modified from last two decades.By using conventional breeding.Plant breeders
perform selection and cross those selected plants to get new varieties recombinant DNA
technology allow the breeders to get crops with improve yield stress tolerant plant and disease
resistant plants. This comes under the criteria of modern breeding.Desire gene is
identified,isolated ans inserted into other plant to obtain desire characteristics.This gene can be
taken from two different species.There are many transgenic crops which are being produced
commercially .Recombinant DNA technology remove the barriers of taking gene only from same
specie.rDNA technology has three main types of applications in agriculture
1- Production of stress tolerant crops.
2-Increasing the yield of crops.
3-Production of biopharmaceuticals from plants.
 Production of stress tolerant crops:-
Herbicide tolerant plants
Recombinant DNA technology allows the plant breeders to produce the herbicide tolerant
plants.Because some plants are are kill by herbicides which grow near these plants.The common
example is Roundup herbicide which grow near some plants and block the
enolpyruvateshikimate phosphate synthase enzyme pathway by producing glyphosate .The
glyphosate block the pathway of EPSP synthase and kill the plants .There are many plants
species which are killed by this herbicide.Plant breeders take gene from those plants which have
resistant towards this herbicide and manipulate those plants by inserting herbicide tolerant
genes.Soyabean and cotton are two important crops which are being improved by modifying
EPSP gene.
Insect tolerant plants
Insect tolerant plants can be produced through recombinant DNA technology.Before this
technology insecticide and pesticide sprays are used,but these sprays are not echo friendly
because they have adverse effects on crops as well as on environment.Insect resistant plants are
modified by introducing Bt gene in the these plants .Bt gene is isolated from bacillus

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thuringeinsis .Bacillus thuringeinsis have Bt gene which is responsible for releasing cry
proteins.When any insect eats leaves of plant the cry gene releases a toxin and the crystalline
form of toxin binds in the intestinal wall of insect .By this binding pores create in the intestine of
insect and in this way the whole digestive system destroys.Cotton,maize rice,cabbage,cauliflower
and other crops are being manipulated with Bt gene.
Stress tolerant plants
Abiotic stress such as high temperature,salinity,acidic environment are not suitable for
plants.Some plants cope up with this environment but some die due to unfavourable
conditions.Recombinant DNA technology plays a vital role for making stress tolerant
plants.Genes are taken from those plants which can survive in these conditions and get back
inserted into the plant to make it stress tolerant.Some plants are modified by r DNA technology
which can survive in high amount of almunium.
Disease resistance plants
Disease resistant plants are made from recombinant DNA technology.Foreign genes are inserted
into plant to save it from the bacterial,viral,fungal infections.First the desire gene is selected and
inserted into suitable vector.Tobacco plant is modified by inserting foreign genes to protect it
from tobacco mosaic virus.Different enzymes,proteins are secreted as a defense mechanism in
plants.
 Increasing quality and yield of crops
Plant breeders improve the quality and yield of crops through recombinant dna
technology.Tomatoes are soften very quickly with the polygalacturonase and pectinase
enzyme. Due to overcome this problem the antisense RNA is prepared using recombinant
DNA technology. The RNA is complementary to the mRNA.This will result in this slow
ripening due to slow translation rate to make their quality better. Yield can be improved by
introducing photosynthetic gene.By this starch is stored in the tubers not in leaves and plant
yield is more.Ethylene is a hormone which is responsible for ripening of fruit.Recombinant
DNA technology introduces ethylene producing gene this result in the delayed fruit
ripening.Vitamin A deficiency can also be treated by increasing production of beta carotene.
 Production of biopharmaceuticals
Important biopharmaceuticals are prepared through recombinant technology.Drugs
therapeutic proteins.Foreign genes are inserted into the plants and the seeds that the plant
produce will contain the therapeutic proteins.Many infectious diseases,cancer can be cure by
therapeutic proteins.Recombinant DNA technology is efficient mean to transfer the desire
gene for production of desire product or protein.Edible vaccines are also prepared by
recombinant DNA technology.Desire antigenic proteins are selected from the other plants or

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organism and inserted into the fruits like tomato,banana.These fruits then immunized the
patients with susceptible disease.Production of secondary metabolites is also performed by
recombinant DNA technology.Sometimes expression of a gene is increased and due to
overexpression the metabolite is released into the medium.Arabidopsis plant is improved by
inserting foreign genes and polyhydroxy butyrate is released by Arabidopsis in the
chloroplast.PHB is then extracted from this plant.PHB is a biodegradable plastic it is further
can be used for different purposes.(Panda, 2004).
 Applications of recombinant DNA technology in Environment
Recombinant DNA technology is the technique In which DNA molecules from two different
species are join together and inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combination.
Recombinant DNA technology have different applications in environment,By production of
genetic combination from insertion of desire gene,pollutants can remove from environment.
Remediation of Environmental pollutants
Through plant metabolism it is possible to check the remediation of environmental
pollutants.There are some harmful chemicals that are not digested and degrade.they are partially
degradeable e.g TNT chemical.In this nitrogen is reacted with oxygen and super oxide is formed
that is toxic.To solve this issue, knock out the monodehydroascorbate reductase gene that will
create resistant against TNT.
Arsenic particals are toxic and they are present in the soil that is harmful for plants.By
recombinant DNA technology PvACR3 gene is incorporate in Arabidopsis.For incorporation of
gene vectors are used. Expression of PvACR3 gene will give rise to generate tolerance plant to
arsenic.Seeds of plant are genetically engineered with PvACR3 gene,germinate and grow plant
in presence of either higher amount of arsenic in soil.In Arabidopsis thaliana, reductase enzyme
is present that reduce the arsenic. Phytochelatins resist the movement of arsenic in root cells and
phloem cells.
Waste product of agriculture have cellulose that do not easily decompose.By using recombinant
dna technology we can convert cellulose to sugar for break down of cellulose.For this E.coli
bacteria is use. cellulase enzyme gene is incorporated in vector into the bacteria.Expression of
this enzyme will enhance to degrade the waste that contain cellulose.
Some bacteria have capability to degrade oil spills or organic waste.These wastes are harmful for
environment.Genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas putida able to degrade chemicals in oil
spills. Pseudomonas putida is genetically modified by Indian Scientist Anand Chakrabarty. The
'degradation genes',placed bacterial plasmids, were transferred to create a microorganism capable
of degrading all chemicals.
Energy Applications

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Some microorganisms are used for energy purposes. Cyanobacteria,is environmental friendly
energy source that is hydrogen mediated.By properly utilizing the required enzymes,specific
production is maintained or these enzymes play a key role in the product formation.By genetic
engineering, production of hydrogen can enhance in Cyanobacteria and other biofuels. The
commercialization of energy source by genetically engineered Cyanobacteria will keep the
environment clean which is not possible by using conventional energy sources releasing CO2
and other harmful chemicals.Genetically engineered Cyanobacteria able to convert of CO2 into
reduced fuel compounds. This will make the carbon energy sources harmless to the environment.
 ROLE OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY
Biotechnology has revolutionized in all fields of life commercial benefits health food
pharmaceuticals. industrial microbiology is emerged with molecular biology for the
improvement industrial production primary and secondary metabolites, low-cholesterol level
antibiotics ,enzymes ,genetic modified organisms and transgenic animals or plants that is only
beneficial for mankind it’s all do play a vital role in commercial or domestic purposes. The
ability to manipulate DNA in with microbes has generated many applications at industrial level
examples food industry, pharmaceutical industry, agricultural industry.
FOOD INDUSTRY
Recombinant DNA technology in food industry dairy products, soya products, brewery products
and bakery. many bacterial strains produced for enriching the industrial level and its
useage.primary metabolites growth harmones amino acides ,enzymes or different protein for
synthesizing.fungi strains is have been modified for to reduction of any toxicity in
fruits.Lysozymes are effective agent to get rid of microbial colonies of microbes in food like
fruites meat,chees , vegetables and also increase their shelf life.
Recombinant chymosin
Chymosin is an enzyme that is use for manufacturing of cheese, and its found from rennet.
Microbiological engineered this enzymes is engineered from non pathogenic strain of E.coli for
the large scale production of cheese.
BEVERAGE INDUSTRY OR FERMENTATION
Food products by fermentation process, or processing of food from microbes is one of the
ancient way.geneitecally or through recombinant DNA technology engineered such strains from
yeast to manipulation of Brewing stains utilization of new substrates like amilolyses
,proteolysis, hyderolysis of beta-glucans. It also increased the taste or aroma of food.
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY

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A Broadand range of protiens expressed or genetically moefiesd these protiens for more more
food,best quality or friendly for environment as well.at agricultural level recombinant DNA
technology have produced GMO’s crop,fruits and vegetables with more nutrition values .size
,aroma and taste.transgenic plants based on regulatory enzymes or expression protiens. T7gene10
engineered for salt stress but it has low stress expression in non green plants
Lycopene β-cyclase gene incorpulate into the plastid genome of tomatoes that will increase the
lycopene imto the Provitamine A.
GOLDEN RICE
A recombinant vriety in rice scientists has been engineered and expressed a enzymes
responsible for β-carotene synthesizing that do promise to the whole for reducing the deficiency of
vitamine A.
HERBICIDES-RESISTANCE CROPES
Its necessary to have different varaieties in cropes for domestic and commercial purposes. Like
maize,cotton, wheat,soy and corn.with its also necessary to have herbicides resistant.genetically
recombinant a gene that for the result to produce resistant to herbicides Glyphosate.that is world
wide trading commercially.
Insect-resistant crops
Environmental associated problems all sort out through transgenic or modified crops .Bacillus
thuringieses is a bacteria that naturally produces a protein that kills the insects.this bacterium is
used for insecticiding .
FUNCTIONAL FOOD /CROPS
Functional foods or crops are with dietry component,these crops have active antioxidants for
lower risks of any chronical diseases may caused from aging.high level of calcium. Vitamine A
filled ,high level of important fatty acids.
ROLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Recombinant DNA technology has been revolutionzed into the pharmaceutical industry as
well.its using in human protein replacement or as therapeutic agent for human diseases and for
further vaccination. In human protein replacement sometimes celluler protein defected.and this
defective gene causes disease in human body. Diabtese Mallitus has effect on our 2-3%
generation and it is genetically linked disease when thr concentration of glucose increased into
the blood and body form into the hyperglycemia.and the diabtese occur when concentration of
insulin incompetent.in early days before scientist were used to produce insuline from pancrease

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of cow and pig.it ws isolated from these.but now through the recombinant DNA technology
production of insulin synthesized from E.coli.
 Refrences
 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijg/2016/2405954/
 http://www.biologydiscussion.com/dna/recombinant-dna-technology/top-5-applications-
of-recombinant-dna-technology-in-medicine/11935
 http://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Applications-of-Recombinant-DNA-
Technology-in-Medicine-350.html
 http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf
 http://www.preservearticles.com/2011120818251/some-of-the-applications-of-
recombinant-dna-technology-are-as-follows.html
