To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
2. TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Methods of producing Transgenic Plant
4. Examples of Transgenic Crops that would benefit world
agriculture
BT Cotton
Golden Rice
Flavr Savr Tomato
Roundup Ready Soyabin
Moondust (Ornamental plant)
5. Application
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
8. Summery
3. INTRODUCTION
• Transgenic plants are those plants that have been
genetically engineered.
• They are identified as a class of genetically modified
organism (GMO)
• The aim to introduced new character to the plant which
does not occurs naturally in the species.
• Transgenic plant contains a gene or a set of genes,
usually from an unrelated organism; such genes are
called Transgenes.
• The process of producing transgenic organism is called
Transgenesis.
• The plant, which contains the transgene is called as GM
Plants.
Transgenics Vegetables
4. HISTORY
• A hybrid cereal grain was created in 1875 by
crossing wheat and rye.
• An antibiotic resistance tobacco plant in 1982
• The first GM crop approved for sale in U.S. in
1994,was the Flavr savr tomato.
• In 1995 Bt potato was also approved by U.S.
environmental protection agency, to making it the
country’s first pesticide producing crop.
TRNSGENIC TOBACCO PLANT
5. METHODS OF PRODUCING TRANSGENIC PLANT
The transfer of exogenous DNA to higher plants can be accomplished by various methods.
Different types of techniques are given below;
1. Transfer of DNA via a vector:
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
2. Direct transfer of DNA:
Gene guns
Electroporation
Microinjection
6. AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is most
commonly used method for transgenesis.
A.tumefaciens is a rod shaped Gram negative soil
bacterium found in the rhizosphere.
It contains Ti plasmid(tumor-inducing) which causes
crown gall disease in dicot plants.
It mainly infect the wound site and causes disease
symptoms.
The gene of intrest is introduced in to the bacterial
plasmid and treated it into the host plant.
The bacteris grows inside the host plant cell and
regenerate to form a transgenic plant.
7. GENE GUN METHOD
The method was first used by Klein etal(1987) to
transform epidermal cell of Allium cepa.
This method is mainly used for cereals transformation.
It is used for plants that cannot be transformed by
Agrobacterium, e.g. most monocot.
DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or tungsten
which are subsequently shot into plant tissue or single
plant cells under high pressure.The particles penetrate
both the cell wall and membranes.
The microcarriers left outside the cell and the DNA
enters into the host cell and regenerate to form
Transgenic Plant.
8. ELECTROPORATION METHOD
In this technique , short pulses of high
voltage are applied to protoplasts which
make temporary pores in the plasma
membrane to increase their permeability
and facilitate the uptake of foreign gene.
MICROINJECTION METHOD
The protoplasts are immobilized in agarose or on
glass slides coated with poly-lysine or by holding
them under suction by a micropipette.
The exogenous DNA of interest is taken in
microinjector and then directly delivered inside
the cell.
9. EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC CROPS THAT WOULD
BENEFIT WORLD AGRICULTURE
There are different types of transgenic crops have
developed to reduce the world hunger by yielding
improved variety and high production of crops. The
different types are described below;
1. TRANSGENIC Bt COTTON
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is treated with
the foregin DNA and inserted in the cotton plant.
These bacteria produces a BT toxin which killes the
boll worm which destroyes the cotton.
It reduses the use of Pesticides and Insecticides in the
crop field.
Bacillus thuringiensis
10. 2. Golden Rice
Golden Rice is the name of a rice that has been
genetically modified (GM, or genetically
engineered) to produce beta-carotene, which the
body can convert into vitamin A. This beta-
carotene gives the rice grains the yellowish colour
that has inspired its name.
Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the
addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes.
In 2005, Golden Rice 2 was announced, which
produces up to 23 times more beta-carotene than
the original golden rice
Golden Rice
11. 3. Flavr Savr Tomato
Flavr Savr is a genetically modified tomato.
It was the first commercially grown genetically
engineered food to be granted a license for
human consumption.
These tomatos are Purple in colour due to
presence of 20% higher anthocyanins, which are
antioxidants guarding the body against chronic
diseases and cancer.
12. 4. Roundup Ready Soybeans
The first-generation Roundup Readysoybean
trait
It was world’s most widely adopted biotech
trait, planted by farmers on billions of acres
since 1996—comes off patent in 2015.
It is also known as “ glyphosate tolerant”
soybeans
13. 5. Moondust (Ornamental plant)
• Moondust Carnation, first grown commercially in1997.
• It is an ornamental plant grown widely in india.
• The flower colour of moondust is velvet blue.
• It is scientifically known as Dianthus caryophyllus.
14. APPLICATION
There are mainly 6 applications are find out;
Resistance to biotic stresses
Resistance to abiotic strases
Improvement of Crop yield quality
Transgenic Plant with improve nutrient
Commercial Transgenic Crop plants
Transgenic plants as bioreactor
15. ADVANTAGES
Improvement in Yield
Improvement in Insect and Disease
Resistance
Improvement in Quality
Herbicide Resistance
Resistance to Abiotic Stresses
Industrial Products
Rapid and Accurate Technique
No Barrier for Gene Transfer
16. DISADVANTAGES
Allergic Reactions
Production of toxins
Reduced nutritional value
Disadvantages of Genetically Modified
Foods On The Environment
Resistance of pests to toxins
Disruption of biodiversity Biodiversity
17. SUMMERY
• Transgenic plants are very essential that
we improve food production and
distribution in order to feed and free from
hunger a growing world population.
• Fruits can be produced through the use of
GM technology that are more nutritious,
stable in storage and in principle health
promoting bringing benefit to consumers
in both industrialised and developing
nation.