The property of DNA to replicate and reproduce and to have a sequence also called as coding sequence for mRNA and ultimately for protein. The most important feature of DNA is if DNA coding for protein is from one organism is copy and paste in another it will express there to. This feature is manipulated for benefit of humans using technique called recombinant DNA Technology using which lots of improvements are done in agriculture, health care sector and industrial sector.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
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flowchart of single cell protein production
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This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
,
single cell protein slideshare
,
single cell protein
,
flowchart of single cell protein production
,
single cell protein pdf
,
single cell protein production ppt
This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
Producing proteins or other metabolites useful to business or medicine in plants that are typically used in agriculture is known as molecular farming.
The practise of using plants to create recombinant protein products is known as molecular farming. The technology is now older than 30 years. The initial promise of molecular farming was predicated on three anticipated benefits: the low cost of plant cultivation, the enormous scalability of agricultural output, and the intrinsic safety of plants as hosts for the synthesis of medicines. As a result, a tonne of studies were published in which various proteins were expressed in various plant-based systems, and several businesses were established in an effort to commercialise the novel technology. For businesses making proteins for non-pharmaceutical uses, there was a modicum of success, but in the pharmaceutical industry, the hopes sparked by early, promising research were quickly dashed by the hard facts of industrial pragmatism.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
Producing proteins or other metabolites useful to business or medicine in plants that are typically used in agriculture is known as molecular farming.
The practise of using plants to create recombinant protein products is known as molecular farming. The technology is now older than 30 years. The initial promise of molecular farming was predicated on three anticipated benefits: the low cost of plant cultivation, the enormous scalability of agricultural output, and the intrinsic safety of plants as hosts for the synthesis of medicines. As a result, a tonne of studies were published in which various proteins were expressed in various plant-based systems, and several businesses were established in an effort to commercialise the novel technology. For businesses making proteins for non-pharmaceutical uses, there was a modicum of success, but in the pharmaceutical industry, the hopes sparked by early, promising research were quickly dashed by the hard facts of industrial pragmatism.
Introduction: Biotechnology is an emerging field of research as it has the potential to solve many biological problems which could not be solved till now with conventional techniques.
The use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings is known as Biotechnology. It has various applications in different fields such as Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Processed Food, Waste Management, Energy Production, Genetically Modified Crops etc.
Biotechnology means 'applications of scientific and engineering principles to biological processes to provide goods and services'. Full understanding of biological processes is possible with detailed analysis of gene structure and function i.e. the Genetic Engineering means the introduction of manipulated genetic material (DNA) into a cell in such a way as to replicate and be passed on to progeny cells'. The outcome is attractive and promising.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Highly descriptive and illustrative presentation based on Biotechnology chapter 12 of NCERT class XII.
This is an important topic especially from biological research point of view.
This is to help students thoroughly understand the topic for exams as well as for future practical applications.
K. Vanangamudi
Agricultural Biotechnology
Biotechnology definition
Stages of biotechnology development
Types of biotechnology
Applications of biotechnology
Branches of biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology
Technologies in plant biotechnology
Achievements in Agricultural Biotechnology
Genetically Modified (GM) crops status in the world and India
Biotechnology institutes
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms in which the
genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic manipulation involves a wide variety of modifications to produce
nutritionally valued GM crops. In some cases, genetic modifications
represent more faster and efficient mechanisms for achieving desired
resulting traits. This review indicate the mechanism of group of actions
with various biotechnological tool utilize to carry out genetic
modification, their benefits, etc. Production of GM food crops provides
new ways to fulfill future food requirments but risk associated factors
cannot be neglected. To overcome these problems and to cope with the
continuous increase in the number and variety of GMOs, new approaches
are needed. India has approved cultivation of some GM crops but due to
lack of proper knowledge and religious factors lead to stunted outcomes
ignoring environment cleanliness and hunger of malnourished segments.
So more attention still needed for its adoption globally by ensure its
safety for human utilization.
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted, instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: for example, transgenic Bt corn, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops.
What is the need of transgenic plants?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. The desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done - generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes - but this approach expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross pollination and selection techniques.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
Applications of Plant Tissue Culture || Presented by Mamoona Ghaffar Mamoona Ghaffar
Applications of Plant Tissue Culture || Presented by Mamoona Ghaffar
Applications in Genetic Engineering, Transgenic Plants, Biotechnology, Industries
Feel free to ask about your queries.
To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
Similar to Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology And Biotechnology (20)
Programmed Assembly of Synthetic Protocells into Thermoresponsive PrototissuesZohaib HUSSAIN
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
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Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersZohaib HUSSAIN
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What we have learned so far? Zohaib HUSSAIN
No matter how complex or advanced a machine, such as the latest cellular phone, the device cannot function without energy. Living things, similar to machines, have many complex components; they too cannot do anything without energy, which is why humans and all other organisms must “eat” in some form or another. That may be common knowledge, but how many people realize that every bite of every meal ingested depends on the process of photosynthesis?
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction
The total number of electrons is kept constant
Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Cellulase (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Cellulase is a class of enzyme that catalyzes the cellulolysis i.e., hydrolysis of cellulose. Celulase is a multiple enzyme system consisting of endo – 1, 4 –β–D – glucanases and exo – 1, 4 –β– D – glucanases along with cellobiase (β– D – glucosideglucano hydrolase).
Types of Cellulases
On the basis of fractionation studies on culture filtrate have demonstrated that, there are ‘three’ major types of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of native cellulose to glucose, namely: Others are produced by the some animals and plants.
Amylases (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used since many decades. These enzymes randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to hydrolyze them and yield dextrins and oligosaccharides. Among amylases α-Amylase is in maximum demand due to its wide range of applications in the industrial front. α-Amylase can be produced by plant or microbial sources. The ubiquitous nature, ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially important enzyme.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
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1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
Telomere, Functions & Role in Aging & CancerZohaib HUSSAIN
Why senescence occurs in eukaryotic organisms?
The major function of telomere is to cap the ends of chromosomes and protect the chromosomes from RED mechanism. As cells divide, telomeres continuously shorten with each successive cell division. Telomerase provides the necessary enzymatic activity to restore and maintain the telomere length. The vast majority of tumour's activate telomerase , and only few maintain telomeres by ALT mechanism relying on recombination. Telomere and telomerase are the attractive targets for anti-cancer therapeutics
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology And Biotechnology
1. 1
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad
Course title and code Industrial Biotechnology
Assignment number 02
Assignment title Application Of Genetic Engineering In IndustrialMicrobiology And
Biotechnology
Submitted by Zohaib Hussain
Registration number Sp13-bty-001
Submitted to Dr. Humaira Ayub
Date of submission Saturday, April 23, 2016
2. 2
Application Of Genetic Engineering In Industrial Microbiology
And Biotechnology
The property of DNA to replicate and reproduce and to have a sequence also called as coding
sequence for mRNA and ultimately for protein. The most important feature of DNA is if DNA
coding for protein is from one organism is copy and paste in another it will express there to. This
feature is manipulated for benefit of humans using technique called recombinant DNA
Technology using which lots of improvements are done in agriculture, health care sector and
industrial sector.
1. Production of Industrial Enzymes
Genetically engineered bulk enzymes are in food industry (baking, starch manufacture, fruit
juices), the animal feed industry, in textile manufacture, and in detergents. Many companies
manufacture these enzymes e.g. Novo company
The advantages of using engineered enzymes are as follows:
Pure Enzyme Production.
Highly Specific for their target.
New novel enzymes which generally not available can be produce.
Bulk production ability.
Reduced energy consumption and waste.
Use of any type of raw material (juice industry).
Increase shelf life of final product causing less loss of food (baking industry).
Reduced use of chemicals in the production process (starch industry).
Reduction in release of phosphorus to the environment (animal feed industry).
Examples
Chymosin used in the manufacture of cheese. . It is produced by genetic engineering results in
more pure predictable and exactly same as of original, preferred by vegetarians and some
religious organizations. Bovine Somatotropin (BST) is a growth hormone produced by the
pituitary glands of cattle and it helps adult cows produce milk. It is produced by genetic
engineering in E. coli results in enhancement of milk production preferred by milk producers.
3. 3
2. Enhancing the activities of Industrial Enzymes
Through protein engineering it has been possible to enhance the properties of proteins to make
them
More stable to denaturation
Many industrial processes at high temperatures unfold the proteins and cause them to denature.
Disulphide bonds helps them to stabilize are usually added by engineering cysteine in any
desired positions, results in increased stability to temperatures, organic solvents and extremes of
pH. An example is disulphide bonds are seen in xylanase.
More active in their biocatalytic ability.
Enzyme 3D conformation is responsible for specific property by manipulating active site by
protein engineering we can increase the activity of the enzyme. Example is change in active site
conformation enzyme tRNA synthase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
3. Engineered Products or Activities Used for the Enhancement of Human
Health
Engineered health care products and activities can be divided into
Replace or supplement proteins produced by the human body in insufficient quantities or not
produced at all.
Replacement of a defective gene.
Treatment of diseases.
Prevention of disease, i.e., vaccines.
Diagnosis of diseases.
4. Genetically engineered plants
Plants have been engineered for the production and introduction of many new desirable
properties. The development of the transgenic organisms reduce the time to develop the new
varieties of plant as compared to conventional breeding method requires more than 10-20 years
to develop new varieties.
Engineering Plants for Insect Resistance
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) strains produce proteins called endotoxins, that have insecticidal
action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops
4. 4
e.g. tobacco, cotton, and tomato using Bt genes. Transgenic maize and cotton containing Bacillus
thuringiensis cry genes account over 26% of the global area of transgenic crops in 2003.
Genetically Engineering Plants to Survive Water and Salt Stress
Introduction of new trait to plants to increase their habitat range e.g. taits for salt tolerant, cold
heat and drought tolerance etc. Trehalose which protects organisms form damage to desiccation
plants does not accumulate this material much so a bacterial gene genes otsA and otsB for
Trehalose biosynthesis were introduced into indica rice. To obtain either tissue-specific or stress-
inducible expression, two different constructs were made. In one, the fusion gene, with the
promoter of rbcS, direct the gene product to the chloroplast and when gene was placed under the
control of an abscisic acid– inducible promoter the OtsA, OtsB enzyme fusion remains in the
cytosol. Agrobacterium is used as a vector. The transgenic rice contained three to nine fold high
amount of trehalose than the nontransgenic rice. In transgenic rice it is observed that trehalose
act as regulatory material that affect the expression of gene linked with carbon metabolism and
ion uptake.
Engineering Plants for Pathogenic Microbe Resistance
Anti-fungal proteins are engineer into plants such as the gene coding for chitinase, an enzyme
which hydrolyzes chitin, a polymer of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine. Chitinase gene
from bean has been cloned into tobacco where chitinase stopped the attack by the fungus,
Rhizoctonia solani. Resistance to viral diseases Transgenic tobacco expressing the coat protein
(capsid) gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is resistant to TMV. Resistance is the result of the
interaction with virus uncoating by the expressed coat protein. Other such examples exist in
TMV, cucumber mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and several potato viruses. Papaya gets
severe damage caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). The introduction in 1998 of transgenic
papaya cultivars with a transgene that expressed a PRSV coat protein saved the Hawaiian papaya
industry. Transgenic plants have been engineered with a variety of other sequences, encoding
either viral proteins or RNAs that confer virus resistance.
4. Modification of Plant Consumer Products
Genetic engineering has been used to modify the plant food which comes to the consumer
Maintenance of Hardness and Delayed Ripeness in Fruits
Arctic Apples apples that contain a nonbrowning trait introduced through biotechnology. They
were developed through a process of genetic engineering and precision breeding by Okanagan
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Specialty Fruits. Specifically, gene silencing reduces the expression of polyphenol oxidase
(PPO), thus preventing the fruit from browning.
Engineering Sweetness into Foods
Monellin is a protein which is 3,000 times sweeter than sucrose by weight; it is naturally
obtained from the red berries of the West African plant, Dioscoreophyllum comminsii Diels, and
has been expressed in yeast.
Others are
Modification of Starch for Industrial Purposes
Modifying Flower Pigmentation and Delaying Wilting and Abscision in Flowers
Modification of Nutritional Capabilities of Crops
Engineering Vitamin A into Rice
Golden rice was created by transforming rice with three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:
psy (phytoene synthase) and lyc (lycopene cyclase) both from daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus), and crt1 from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora. The plant
endogenous enzymes process the lycopene to beta-carotene in the endosperm, giving the
rice the distinctive yellow color which gave it the name ‘golden’.
Engineering Amino Acids into Legumes and Cereals
Modifying Fats and Oils for Various Purposes
5. Transgenic animals and plants as biological fermenters
Transgenic animals and plants have been used to produce high-quality pharmaceutical
substances or diagnostics. The procedure is known as pharming, molecular farming or gene
pharming and the transgenic plants or animals used are sometimes referred to as animal or plant
‘bioreactors’ or ‘fermentors’. Therapeutically active proteins already on the market are usually
produced in bacteria, fungi, or animal cell cultures. The protein encoded by the transgene is
secreted into the animal’s milk, eggs or blood or even urine, and then collected and purified.
Livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and pigs have already been modified in
this way to produce several useful proteins and drugs. Pharming has following advantages
Lower drug costs
Faster, more flexible manufacturing
Drugs unavailable any other way
New value-added agricultural products