Animal tissues muscular & nervous
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There are four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Muscular tissue is classified into three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle - based on location and voluntary/involuntary control. Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which conduct nerve impulses, and neuroglial cells which nourish and support neurons. The main cell types of nervous tissue are neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells.
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Animal Tissue
The document discusses nervous tissue and the nervous system. It states that nervous tissue is the main component of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (branching nerves). Nervous tissue controls bodily functions and activity using neurons, which are excitable cells that receive, process, and transmit information, and glial cells, which protect and support neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites that receive signals, and a single long axon that conducts signals to other cells.
Muscle and nervous tissue
Muscle and nervous tissue are the two main types of excitable tissue in the body. Muscle tissue includes three main types - skeletal muscle which is striated and voluntarily controlled, smooth muscle which is involuntarily controlled and found in organs, and cardiac muscle which is only found in the heart and is involuntarily controlled. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, are found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves, generate and conduct electrical impulses, and are responsible for functions like muscle contraction, sensation, emotion, memory and reasoning.
section 1, chapter 9: muscular system
The muscular system has three types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and located in organs and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, is striated and self-exciting. Muscles are made of fascicles containing bundles of fibers that are in turn made of myofilaments that slide during contraction via cross-bridge cycling between actin and myosin, regulated by calcium, troponin and tropomyosin.
Structure of skeletal_muscle
1. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue layers.
2. Each muscle fiber contains protein filaments that slide past each other when stimulated, causing contraction.
3. Motor neurons connect to muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions and release neurotransmitters that stimulate contraction when an impulse is received from the brain or spinal cord.
Nervous tissues and types of Nervous Tissue
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https://youtu.be/GiGPndY04p4
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
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Muscular tissue
1) Muscular tissue is composed of three main types - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones, while smooth muscle is involuntary and not striated, found in organs and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, unique to the heart.
2) All muscle types contain bundles of proteins called myofilaments that slide past each other to cause contraction. Skeletal muscle contains sarcomeres with overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Smooth muscle lacks sarcomeres but contains dense bodies. Cardiac muscle contains intercalated discs allowing synchronized contraction.
3) Contraction is initiated by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic retic
Connective, muscle and nervous tissues
This document discusses the three main types of tissues in the body: connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It provides examples of different connective tissues, including both solid tissues like cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments, as well as fluid tissues like lymph and blood. Connective tissues function to provide protection, support, compartmentalization, and binding organs together. Within connective tissue, there are loose connective tissues like areolar tissue composed of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers, as well as adipose tissue which functions for insulation. Dense connective tissues have interwoven bundles and form tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments. Cartilage is also discussed, including the different
Nervous tissue
The nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit electrical signals throughout the body and process information, while neuroglia provide support and insulation. There are two types of neurons - multipolar neurons with multiple processes, and bipolar neurons with one dendrite and one axon. Neurons have a cell body containing Nissl granules and neurofibrils, and long processes called axons and dendrites that transmit signals away from or toward the cell body respectively. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells in the CNS and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS. They provide support, insulation and protection
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Animal Tissue
The document discusses nervous tissue and the nervous system. It states that nervous tissue is the main component of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (branching nerves). Nervous tissue controls bodily functions and activity using neurons, which are excitable cells that receive, process, and transmit information, and glial cells, which protect and support neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites that receive signals, and a single long axon that conducts signals to other cells.
Muscle and nervous tissue
Muscle and nervous tissue are the two main types of excitable tissue in the body. Muscle tissue includes three main types - skeletal muscle which is striated and voluntarily controlled, smooth muscle which is involuntarily controlled and found in organs, and cardiac muscle which is only found in the heart and is involuntarily controlled. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, are found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves, generate and conduct electrical impulses, and are responsible for functions like muscle contraction, sensation, emotion, memory and reasoning.
section 1, chapter 9: muscular system
The muscular system has three types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and located in organs and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, is striated and self-exciting. Muscles are made of fascicles containing bundles of fibers that are in turn made of myofilaments that slide during contraction via cross-bridge cycling between actin and myosin, regulated by calcium, troponin and tropomyosin.
Structure of skeletal_muscle
1. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue layers.
2. Each muscle fiber contains protein filaments that slide past each other when stimulated, causing contraction.
3. Motor neurons connect to muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions and release neurotransmitters that stimulate contraction when an impulse is received from the brain or spinal cord.
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Muscular tissue
1) Muscular tissue is composed of three main types - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones, while smooth muscle is involuntary and not striated, found in organs and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, unique to the heart.
2) All muscle types contain bundles of proteins called myofilaments that slide past each other to cause contraction. Skeletal muscle contains sarcomeres with overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Smooth muscle lacks sarcomeres but contains dense bodies. Cardiac muscle contains intercalated discs allowing synchronized contraction.
3) Contraction is initiated by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic retic
Connective, muscle and nervous tissues
This document discusses the three main types of tissues in the body: connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It provides examples of different connective tissues, including both solid tissues like cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments, as well as fluid tissues like lymph and blood. Connective tissues function to provide protection, support, compartmentalization, and binding organs together. Within connective tissue, there are loose connective tissues like areolar tissue composed of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers, as well as adipose tissue which functions for insulation. Dense connective tissues have interwoven bundles and form tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments. Cartilage is also discussed, including the different
Nervous tissue
The nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit electrical signals throughout the body and process information, while neuroglia provide support and insulation. There are two types of neurons - multipolar neurons with multiple processes, and bipolar neurons with one dendrite and one axon. Neurons have a cell body containing Nissl granules and neurofibrils, and long processes called axons and dendrites that transmit signals away from or toward the cell body respectively. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells in the CNS and schwann cells and satellite cells in the PNS. They provide support, insulation and protection
Neural Conduction and Transmission
Neural conduction involves two main cell types - glial cells which provide structural support and neurons which transmit electrical and chemical signals. Neurons have three main parts - the cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and axons which transmit signals. Communication between neurons is a two-step process where an electrical impulse travels along the axon releasing chemical neurotransmitters that transmit the signal to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft. There are over 10 billion neurons in the human brain with trillions of connections between neurons allowing complex neural processing and transmission of information.
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Nervous tissue consists of neurons, also called nerve cells. Each neuron has a cell body containing the nucleus, and branched projections called dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that transmits signals. Axons are bundled together to form nerves. Large axons contain a fatty myelin sheath for insulation and faster signal transmission. At the end of an axon are synaptic terminals containing neurotransmitter-filled vesicles that transmit signals chemically to other neurons or effector cells. Neurons have the properties of irritability, responding to stimuli, and conductivity, transmitting signals along their length.
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Skeletal muscle tissue functions include movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat generation. The main types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones and moving the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart walls and has involuntary, rhythmic contractions. Smooth muscle lacks striations and controls involuntary functions like digestion and blood flow. All muscle tissues contain contractile filaments that slide past each other to cause shortening, but the tissues differ in organization, fiber type, and control.
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The nervous tissue forms the body's communication system and allows it to respond to the environment. It is composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, which provide support. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that receive stimuli, interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and motor neurons that trigger muscle and gland responses. Together, the cells and electrical signaling of the nervous tissue enable the body to function as a coordinated whole.
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This document summarizes the structure and function of the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It describes their characteristics, locations in the body, and cellular structures. The key functions of muscles include body movement, maintaining posture, producing heat, and propelling substances through the body. Muscle contraction occurs through a sliding filament mechanism where actin and myosin filaments interact through cross-bridge cycling, powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium ions play a crucial role in initiating contraction by allowing the myosin heads to bind actin.
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Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the walls of the heart. It has a unique branching and weaving structure with overlapping regions between fibers called intercalated discs. Each cardiac muscle fiber contains one centrally located nucleus and lighter striations than skeletal muscle. Contractions are rhythmic and involuntary due to inherent pacemaker cells in the heart.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the muscular system. It discusses that muscles are composed of muscle fibers and connective tissue. Muscle fibers contain contractile units called sarcomeres made up of the proteins actin and myosin. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament theory when calcium ions are released, activating the myosin to pull the actin fibers inward, shortening the muscle. Nerve impulses trigger this process by releasing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
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Nerve,structure and function
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The document discusses the structure and function of nerve cells (neurons). It defines the nerve cell as the basic unit of the nervous system. The key parts of a nerve cell are then enumerated and defined, including the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier, Schwann's cells, myelin sheath. Nerve cells allow communication between different parts of the body through electrical signaling along their axons and at synaptic connections. They are essential for controlling functions throughout the nervous system.
Know about Muscular tissue
Muscle is a contractile tissue found throughout the body that produces movement when stimulated. There are three main types of muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones that allows for conscious control of movement. It comprises over 600 muscles in the musculoskeletal system, including axial muscles that control facial expression and posture, and appendicular muscles of the limbs. Muscle fibers contract when stimulated by motor nerves, producing movement through their interaction with bones and tendons.
Lec 2. skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is composed of individual muscle cells called myocytes or muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains many myofibrils which are made up of repeating contractile units called sarcomeres. The sarcomere contains thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when the myosin heads on the thick filaments interact with and pull on the actin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential triggers the interaction of myosin and actin, causing muscle contraction.
Lecture 1 animal cell types and tissues
This document provides an overview of a biology course titled "Animals: Form and Function". The course will cover topics like animal cell types and tissues, animal systems and processes related to support/protection, movement, digestion, gas exchange, transport/circulation, excretion, and regulation. It lists two main references for the course and outlines the levels of structural organization in animals from the protoplasmic to organ-system levels. It also describes the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue - and provides details on their characteristics, functions and examples.
Epithelial tissue
There are four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective coverings and linings throughout the body, including the skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract. It has several key characteristics, such as being avascular and forming sheets of cells. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape and number of cell layers into simple and stratified types, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified, and transitional epithelium. Glands are specialized clusters of epithelial cells that secrete substances like hormones, acids, and oils.
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands. It is composed of tightly packed cells with one free surface and no blood vessels that regenerate quickly. Epithelial tissue can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape and simple, stratified, or pseudostratified in number of cell layers. Glandular epithelium secretes products through exocrine glands that can be classified by structure and secretions, such as merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine glands.
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The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which connects to skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. Specific areas of the brain control motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional functions.
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Skeletal muscle tissue functions include movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat generation. The main types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones and moving the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart walls and has involuntary, rhythmic contractions. Smooth muscle lacks striations and controls involuntary functions like digestion and blood flow. All muscle tissues contain contractile filaments that slide past each other to cause shortening, but the tissues differ in organization, fiber type, and control.
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The nervous tissue forms the body's communication system and allows it to respond to the environment. It is composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals, and neuroglia, which provide support. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that receive stimuli, interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and motor neurons that trigger muscle and gland responses. Together, the cells and electrical signaling of the nervous tissue enable the body to function as a coordinated whole.
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This document summarizes the structure and function of the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It describes their characteristics, locations in the body, and cellular structures. The key functions of muscles include body movement, maintaining posture, producing heat, and propelling substances through the body. Muscle contraction occurs through a sliding filament mechanism where actin and myosin filaments interact through cross-bridge cycling, powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium ions play a crucial role in initiating contraction by allowing the myosin heads to bind actin.
3. cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the walls of the heart. It has a unique branching and weaving structure with overlapping regions between fibers called intercalated discs. Each cardiac muscle fiber contains one centrally located nucleus and lighter striations than skeletal muscle. Contractions are rhythmic and involuntary due to inherent pacemaker cells in the heart.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the muscular system. It discusses that muscles are composed of muscle fibers and connective tissue. Muscle fibers contain contractile units called sarcomeres made up of the proteins actin and myosin. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament theory when calcium ions are released, activating the myosin to pull the actin fibers inward, shortening the muscle. Nerve impulses trigger this process by releasing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
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This document discusses the structure and function of muscular tissue and neural tissue in animals. It describes that muscular tissue is composed of muscle fibers which contain contractile myofibrils and contract to enable movement. There are three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bones, smooth muscle lines organs, and cardiac muscle forms the heart. Neural tissue includes neurons and neuroglial cells that make up the nervous system and enable control, coordination, and signal transmission in the body.
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The document discusses the structure and function of neurons and glial cells in the nervous system. It describes:
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2. Glial cells provide support and insulation for neurons. The main types are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells. Astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier and supply nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form a fatty myelin sheath around ax
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The document discusses the structure and function of nerve cells (neurons). It defines the nerve cell as the basic unit of the nervous system. The key parts of a nerve cell are then enumerated and defined, including the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier, Schwann's cells, myelin sheath. Nerve cells allow communication between different parts of the body through electrical signaling along their axons and at synaptic connections. They are essential for controlling functions throughout the nervous system.
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Muscle is a contractile tissue found throughout the body that produces movement when stimulated. There are three main types of muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones that allows for conscious control of movement. It comprises over 600 muscles in the musculoskeletal system, including axial muscles that control facial expression and posture, and appendicular muscles of the limbs. Muscle fibers contract when stimulated by motor nerves, producing movement through their interaction with bones and tendons.
Lec 2. skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is composed of individual muscle cells called myocytes or muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber contains many myofibrils which are made up of repeating contractile units called sarcomeres. The sarcomere contains thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when the myosin heads on the thick filaments interact with and pull on the actin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential triggers the interaction of myosin and actin, causing muscle contraction.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
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bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Animal tissues muscular & nervous
- 2. TISSUE - a group of similar cells that function together to perform a specialized activity There are four kinds of tissues: 1. Epithelial tissue = covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs (protection), and ducts; and forms glands (secretion). 2. Connective tissue = supports the body and binds its organs; binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity. 3. Muscular tissue = for contraction (movement) 4. Nervous tissue = initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities.
- 3. MUSCLE TISSUE General Features: ● Function: facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of individual muscle cells (referred to as muscle fibers) ● has sarcomere as its functional unit ● each sarcomere having thick and thin filaments
- 4. Types of Muscle Tissue (1) Skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton – striated – voluntary
- 5. (2) Cardiac muscle – found in the heart – striated – involuntary – contains intercalated discs for quick conduction of nerve impulses through the cardiac muscle tissue during muscle contraction
- 6. (3) Smooth (visceral) muscle – found in a variety of locations such as the digestive tract, the reproductive tract, the ureters, and around some blood vessels – involuntary & autonomic movements
- 7. NERVOUS TISSUE General Features: • Function: integration of stimulus and control of response to that stimulus. • Nerve cells are called neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, an axon, and many dendrites. • Nervous tissue consists of two kinds of cells: neurons and neuroglia • Neurons conduct nerve impulses, while the different kinds of neuroglial cells nourish and support the neurons.
- 8. Organization of a neuron
- 9. • The different kinds of neuroglial cells nourish and support the neurons. There are several types of glial cells present in the nervous system of humans: • Astrocytes. Found in the brain's capillaries and form the blood-brain barrier that restricts what substances can enter the brain. • Microglia are extremely small cells of the central nervous system that remove cellular waste and protect against microorganisms. • Oligodendrocytes are central nervous system structures that wrap some neuronal axons to form an insulating coat known as the myelin sheath.
- 10. Ependymal cells – neuroglial cells that cover choroid plexuses and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); they also line ventricles of the brain