toipc in biology for engineers

1. Levels Of Organization
Prof.Tikesh Harinkhede
RCOEM Nagpur

2. The levels of organization from
simplest to most complex are:
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 System
 Organism

3. Cells
The basic unit of structure and
function in the human body
Though all cells perform the processes
that keep humans alive, they also
have specialized functions as well.
Examples may be nerve cells
(neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.

4. Cells

5. Cell structure

6. Cell structure cont..
 Cells have many parts, each with a
different function. Some of these parts,
called organelles, are specialized
structures that perform certain tasks within
the cell.
 Cytoplasm:Within cells, the cytoplasm is
made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the
cytosol) and other structures that surround
the nucleus.

7. Cell structure cont..
 Mitochondria:Mitochondria are complex organelles that
convert energy from food into a form that the cell can
use. They have their own genetic material, separate from
the DNA in the nucleus, and can make copies of
themselves
 Nucleus:The nucleus serves as the cell’s command
center, sending directions to the cell to grow, mature,
divide, or die. It also houses DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid), the cell’s hereditary material. The nucleus is
surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope,
which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from
the rest of the cell.

8. Cell structure cont..
 Plasma membrane:The plasma
membrane is the outer lining of the cell. It
separates the cell from its environment
and allows materials to enter and leave
the cell.
 Ribosomes:Ribosomes are organelles that
process the cell’s genetic instructions to
create proteins. These organelles can float
freely in the cytoplasm

9. Tissues
 A group of specialized cells
that work together to perform
the same function.
 There are four basic types of
tissue in the human body:

10. Tissues
1. Nerve tissue – carries
impulses back and forth to
the brain from the body

11. Three types of muscle tissue
 Muscle tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
contract and shorten, making body parts move
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth

12. 3. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of
the body, inside (as lining and /or covering
of internal organs) and outside (as layer of
skin)

13. 4. Connective tissue – connects all parts of
the body and provides support (for
example tendons, ligaments, cartilage).

14. Organs
A group of two or more different types
of tissue that work together to perform
a specific function.
The task is generally more complex
than that of the tissue.
For example, the heart is made of
muscle and connective tissues which
functions to pump blood throughout
the body.

15. Organs

16. Systems
 A group of two or more organs that work
together to perform a specific function.
 Each organ system has its own function but
the systems work together and depend on
one another.
 There are eleven different organ systems in
the human body: circulatory, digestive,
endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune,
integumentary, muscular, nervous,
reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.

17. Organism
 Any living thing that is capable of growing
and becoming more complex. They are
also capable of metabolizing nutrients and
reproducing. They can be either single or
multicellular

18. Organisms