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Muscular
Tissue:-D
Tissues are groups of cells that are
  similar in structure and function.

* Epithelium             * Muscle
  Coverings                Movement
  Linings of surfaces

* Connective             * Nervous
  Support                  Control
  Bone, ligaments, fat     Brain, nerves, spinal
                            cord
•Muscle – a Latin word for “little
mouse”
•Muscle is the primary tissue in the
  •Heart (cardiac MT)
  •Walls of hollow organs (Smooth
  MT)
•Skeletal muscle
  •Makes up nearly half the body’s
  mass
Functions of muscle tissue
Contractility
  Long cells shorten and generate pulling
  force
Excitability
  Electrical nerve impulse stimulates the
  muscle cell to contract
Extensibility
  Can be stretched back to its original length
  by contraction of an opposing muscle
Elasticity
  Can recoil after being stretched
Location Function              Appearance            Control
                                           striated, multi-
Skeletal                   movement,          nucleated
            skeleton                                            voluntary
                          heat, posture   (eccentric), fibers
                                               parallel


Cardiac       heart
                          pump blood        striated, one
                                                                involuntary
                          continuously     central nucleus


                           Peristalsis,
Visceral    G.I. tract,
                             blood
           uterus, eye,                   no striations, one
(smooth                    pressure,                            involuntary
              blood                        central nucleus
                           pupil size,
muscle)      vessels
                          erects hairs
Nervous
Tissue:-D
•Nervous tissue comprises the nervous system.
•Nervous tissue includes:
  •Nerve cells:
     •Neurons.
     •Supportive cells:
        •Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system (P.N.S)
        •Glial cells in central nervous system (C.N.S)
  •Nerve fibers.
  •Nerve endings:
     •Receptors or sensory nerve endings.
     •Effectors or motor nerve endings.
The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the
nervous system.
•The neuron has 2 highly developed physiologic
properties:
   •Irritability, is the capacity to generate nerve
   impulses in response to various stimuli.
   •Conductivity, is the ability to transmit the
   impulses along the processes of the neuron.
Fine structure of neuron
•The cell body of the neuron contains:
•Central euchromatic vesicular nucleus (open-face nucleus).
•Perinuclear very well developed Golgi Complex.
•Mitochondria (are found throughout the neuron i.e. in cell body and its
processes).
•Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is present only in cell body and dendrites
and not present in the axon or axon hillock. RER appears as clumps of
basophilic material called Nissl granules.
•Neurofibrils (are distributed throughout the neuron and appear by light
microscope).
•Microtubules are found all over the neuron.
•Inclusions found in nerve cells include:
    •a) fat droplets
    •b) pigments as lipofuscin, melanin
    •c) glycogen present only in embryonic neurons, but in adult neurons it is absent
    because it depends on oxidative metabolism. Therefore nervous system is
    vulnerable (sensitive) to anoxia.
•N.B.:
•Centrioles are not found in mature neurons, so they are incapable of cell
division.
Processes of the
neuron: They are
the axon and the
dendrites.
•The axon (axis cylinder):
     •It is the efferent process of the neuron which carries the impulse away
     from the cell body.
     •It originate from the cell body by a conical portion called “axon
     hillock”.
     •It is a single, thin, long process with uniform size.
     •It gives some collateral branches and many terminal branches.
     •It is surrounded with a membrane called axolemma and its cytoplasm
     is called axoplasm.
     •It contains mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils.
     •It does not contain Nissl granules.
     •As the axon is devoid of rER, it depends on the proteins synthesized in
     the cell body which is conveyed by the aid of the movements of
     microtubules throughout the axon by a process called axoplasmic
     transport.
•The Dendrites:
     •They are the afferent processes of the neuron which carry the impulse
     to the neuron.
     •They are multiple, short, thick processes and their thickness
     decreases towards its end.
     •They have many branches with spines.
     •They contain mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils.
     •They contain Nissl granules.
Types of the neurons: are classified according to
number of processes into:
•Pseudo-unipolar neurons: which have single process, then
divides into axon and dendrite. They are present in dorsal
root ganglion (also called spinal ganglion or sensory ganglion).
•Bipolar neurons: they are spindle-shaped with 2 processes;
one axon and one dendrite. They are present in areas of
special sensations as: retina, olfactory mucosa and inner ear.
•Multipolar neurons: they have several processes, the nerve
cell body takes several shapes as follows:
   •Pyramidal cells: as in cerebral cortex.
   •Purkinje (flask-shaped) cells; as in cerebellar cortex.
   •Stellate cells: as in
      •Gray matter of spinal cord (anterior horn cells).
      •Autonomic ganglia.
Types of nerve fibers:
•In CNS, all the fibers have no neurilemma
sheath and may be:
  •Non-myelinated (naked): as in grey matter.
  •Myelinated: as in white matter.
•In PNS, all the fibers (except the nerve endings)
have neurilemma sheath and may be:
  •Non-myelinated: as post-ganglionic sympathetic
  fibers.
  •Myelinated: as all the peripheral nerves.
Schwan cells (neurolemmal cells)
•These cells surround the axons of peripheral nerves. They look
like tubes which envelop the axon. They have peripheral oval
nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm.
• Whether the nerve fiber is myelinated or not, it is related to
Schwann cells.
    •If the axon is myelinated, one Schwann cell is related to
    each axon.
    •In non-myelinated axons, one Schwann cell is related to
    several axons.
•Functions of Schwann cells:
    •They have a protective and a metabolic role for the axons.
    •They act as an insulator for the nerve impulse.
    •They are essential for regeneration of injured peripheral
    neurons.
    •They form myelin sheath which is important because:
         •It insulates the nerve impulse.
         •It increases the conduction velocity of the axon.
Ganglia
Ganglia are either:
  •Autonomic ganglia (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
  •Spinal (sensory) ganglia.
Satellite Cells: form a layer around ganglion cells
and separate them from blood capillaries. It helps
 metabolic exchange between ganglion cells and
                     blood.
Spinal (sensory) ganglion                     Autonomic Ganglion
Surrounded by thick connective tissue     Surrounded by thin connective tissue
capsule.                                  capsule.

Cells are round or oval (pseudo-          Cells are stellate (multipolar)
unipolar)

Cells are arranged in groups              Cells are scattered

Cells are not of same size                Of equal small size

Few number of cells                       Large number of cells

Cells with central nuclei                 Cells with peripheral nuclei

Myelinated nerve fibres separate the      Unmyelinated nerve fibres separate the
groups of cells                           cells

Cells are surrounded by many satellite    Few satellite cells
cells

No synapse between neurons                Has synapses between neurons
Neuroglia
•Neuroglial cells are the supporting cells within the CNS. They
 have a function similar to Schwann cells in PNS. They have many
 types:
•Astrocytes: these cells support the neurons. They are either
 fibrous or protoplasmic.
     •Fibrous astrocytes: With long processes which branch
     infrequently. They are found in white matter. They have
     euchromatic nuclei and a vascular pedicle, i.e. one process
     ends on a small blood vessel. Their cytoplasm contains
     neuroglial fibers.
     •Protoplasmic astrocytes: With short processes. They are
     found in gray matter. Their cytoplasm is rich in cytoplasmic
     granules called gliosomes which are considered as lysosomes.
Oligodendrocytes:           Microglial cells:
With few processes, (dark)   – Small in size with few
nuclei, and contain many       processes and elongated
    microtubules. It is        dark nucleus. Function:
 responsible for myelin        phagocytosis.
   formation in CNS by
  sending processes to
      several axons.
THANK YOU MAM ALMOND :-D

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muscular - neurvous tissue

  • 1.
  • 3. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. * Epithelium * Muscle Coverings Movement Linings of surfaces * Connective * Nervous Support Control Bone, ligaments, fat Brain, nerves, spinal cord
  • 4. •Muscle – a Latin word for “little mouse” •Muscle is the primary tissue in the •Heart (cardiac MT) •Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT) •Skeletal muscle •Makes up nearly half the body’s mass
  • 5. Functions of muscle tissue Contractility Long cells shorten and generate pulling force Excitability Electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract Extensibility Can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle Elasticity Can recoil after being stretched
  • 6. Location Function Appearance Control striated, multi- Skeletal movement, nucleated skeleton voluntary heat, posture (eccentric), fibers parallel Cardiac heart pump blood striated, one involuntary continuously central nucleus Peristalsis, Visceral G.I. tract, blood uterus, eye, no striations, one (smooth pressure, involuntary blood central nucleus pupil size, muscle) vessels erects hairs
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 12. •Nervous tissue comprises the nervous system. •Nervous tissue includes: •Nerve cells: •Neurons. •Supportive cells: •Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system (P.N.S) •Glial cells in central nervous system (C.N.S) •Nerve fibers. •Nerve endings: •Receptors or sensory nerve endings. •Effectors or motor nerve endings.
  • 13. The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. •The neuron has 2 highly developed physiologic properties: •Irritability, is the capacity to generate nerve impulses in response to various stimuli. •Conductivity, is the ability to transmit the impulses along the processes of the neuron.
  • 14. Fine structure of neuron •The cell body of the neuron contains: •Central euchromatic vesicular nucleus (open-face nucleus). •Perinuclear very well developed Golgi Complex. •Mitochondria (are found throughout the neuron i.e. in cell body and its processes). •Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is present only in cell body and dendrites and not present in the axon or axon hillock. RER appears as clumps of basophilic material called Nissl granules. •Neurofibrils (are distributed throughout the neuron and appear by light microscope). •Microtubules are found all over the neuron. •Inclusions found in nerve cells include: •a) fat droplets •b) pigments as lipofuscin, melanin •c) glycogen present only in embryonic neurons, but in adult neurons it is absent because it depends on oxidative metabolism. Therefore nervous system is vulnerable (sensitive) to anoxia. •N.B.: •Centrioles are not found in mature neurons, so they are incapable of cell division.
  • 15. Processes of the neuron: They are the axon and the dendrites.
  • 16. •The axon (axis cylinder): •It is the efferent process of the neuron which carries the impulse away from the cell body. •It originate from the cell body by a conical portion called “axon hillock”. •It is a single, thin, long process with uniform size. •It gives some collateral branches and many terminal branches. •It is surrounded with a membrane called axolemma and its cytoplasm is called axoplasm. •It contains mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils. •It does not contain Nissl granules. •As the axon is devoid of rER, it depends on the proteins synthesized in the cell body which is conveyed by the aid of the movements of microtubules throughout the axon by a process called axoplasmic transport. •The Dendrites: •They are the afferent processes of the neuron which carry the impulse to the neuron. •They are multiple, short, thick processes and their thickness decreases towards its end. •They have many branches with spines. •They contain mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils. •They contain Nissl granules.
  • 17.
  • 18. Types of the neurons: are classified according to number of processes into: •Pseudo-unipolar neurons: which have single process, then divides into axon and dendrite. They are present in dorsal root ganglion (also called spinal ganglion or sensory ganglion). •Bipolar neurons: they are spindle-shaped with 2 processes; one axon and one dendrite. They are present in areas of special sensations as: retina, olfactory mucosa and inner ear. •Multipolar neurons: they have several processes, the nerve cell body takes several shapes as follows: •Pyramidal cells: as in cerebral cortex. •Purkinje (flask-shaped) cells; as in cerebellar cortex. •Stellate cells: as in •Gray matter of spinal cord (anterior horn cells). •Autonomic ganglia.
  • 19.
  • 20. Types of nerve fibers: •In CNS, all the fibers have no neurilemma sheath and may be: •Non-myelinated (naked): as in grey matter. •Myelinated: as in white matter. •In PNS, all the fibers (except the nerve endings) have neurilemma sheath and may be: •Non-myelinated: as post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers. •Myelinated: as all the peripheral nerves.
  • 21. Schwan cells (neurolemmal cells) •These cells surround the axons of peripheral nerves. They look like tubes which envelop the axon. They have peripheral oval nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. • Whether the nerve fiber is myelinated or not, it is related to Schwann cells. •If the axon is myelinated, one Schwann cell is related to each axon. •In non-myelinated axons, one Schwann cell is related to several axons. •Functions of Schwann cells: •They have a protective and a metabolic role for the axons. •They act as an insulator for the nerve impulse. •They are essential for regeneration of injured peripheral neurons. •They form myelin sheath which is important because: •It insulates the nerve impulse. •It increases the conduction velocity of the axon.
  • 22.
  • 23. Ganglia Ganglia are either: •Autonomic ganglia (sympathetic & parasympathetic) •Spinal (sensory) ganglia.
  • 24. Satellite Cells: form a layer around ganglion cells and separate them from blood capillaries. It helps metabolic exchange between ganglion cells and blood.
  • 25. Spinal (sensory) ganglion Autonomic Ganglion Surrounded by thick connective tissue  Surrounded by thin connective tissue capsule. capsule. Cells are round or oval (pseudo-  Cells are stellate (multipolar) unipolar) Cells are arranged in groups  Cells are scattered Cells are not of same size  Of equal small size Few number of cells  Large number of cells Cells with central nuclei  Cells with peripheral nuclei Myelinated nerve fibres separate the  Unmyelinated nerve fibres separate the groups of cells cells Cells are surrounded by many satellite  Few satellite cells cells No synapse between neurons  Has synapses between neurons
  • 26. Neuroglia •Neuroglial cells are the supporting cells within the CNS. They have a function similar to Schwann cells in PNS. They have many types: •Astrocytes: these cells support the neurons. They are either fibrous or protoplasmic. •Fibrous astrocytes: With long processes which branch infrequently. They are found in white matter. They have euchromatic nuclei and a vascular pedicle, i.e. one process ends on a small blood vessel. Their cytoplasm contains neuroglial fibers. •Protoplasmic astrocytes: With short processes. They are found in gray matter. Their cytoplasm is rich in cytoplasmic granules called gliosomes which are considered as lysosomes.
  • 27. Oligodendrocytes: Microglial cells: With few processes, (dark) – Small in size with few nuclei, and contain many processes and elongated microtubules. It is dark nucleus. Function: responsible for myelin phagocytosis. formation in CNS by sending processes to several axons.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. THANK YOU MAM ALMOND :-D