Smooth muscle by quratulain mughal
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This document discusses the characteristics and functions of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is classified as non-striated involuntary muscle that tapers at both ends. Individual smooth muscle fibers can range from 6mm to 500mm in length depending on their location in the body. Each fiber contains a single nucleus, sarcoplasm with contractile filaments of actin and myosin, mitochondria and other organelles. Smooth muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for functions like childbirth, urination, blood flow, digestion, and breathing.
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i've used this note before this for my first year medicine in egypt. Fot those who taking this course(medicine) , I hope it'll give some ideas to you to study about this subject.
Goodluck :) !
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4. smooth muscle tissue
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B. No striations
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This document summarizes the major proteins involved in muscle structure and contraction. It discusses the roles of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin in forming the thin filaments, and how actin polymerizes. Myosin forms the thick filaments and interacts with actin to generate force through ATP hydrolysis. The contraction cycle involves the actin-myosin complex forming and breaking through ATP binding and hydrolysis. Muscle derives ATP from glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and creatine phosphate to power continuous contractions. Genetic mutations can cause muscular dystrophy where muscles progressively deteriorate.
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anatomy and physiology the muscular system
three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
Contraction depends on two kinds of Myofilaments
Actin
Myosin
Prefixes to know: myo, mys, or sarco – word relates to muscle
Each muscle is a discrete organ
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Skeletal
Striated
Voluntary
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Involuntary
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2. Maintaining posture
3. Stabilizing joints
4. Generating heat
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Contractility = ability to shorten forcibly
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Fascicle (a portion of the muscle)
Muscle Fiber (a cell)
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Perimysium
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Typical ex. is a skeletal muscle
The following are all subcellular.
Myofibril = or fibril, complex organelle composed of bundles of
myofilaments
Myofilament = macromolecular structure of contractile proteins
Sarcomere = the smallest, single contracting unit of a myofibril, a segment
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Deep fascia = binds large groups of muscles into functional groups
Muscle = hundreds of fascicles bound together by epimysium
Fascicle = thousands of muscle fibers bound into discrete units by
perimysium
Muscle fiber = single muscle cell surrounded by endomysium
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Muscle contraction occurs via the sliding filament mechanism. The myosin heads attach to actin and pull the filaments together, shortening the sarcomere. Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin and exposing myosin binding sites on actin. Myosin then hydrolyzes ATP to generate the force needed for cross-bridge cycling and filament sliding. Relaxation occurs when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, removing it from the myofilaments. Motor units, each innervated by a motor neuron, allow graded muscle responses through recruitment of additional fibers.
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This document provides an overview of the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle. It discusses:
1. The physical basis of smooth muscle contraction including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The chemical basis being similar to skeletal muscle but without a troponin complex.
3. Key differences from skeletal muscle including slower cycling of myosin cross-bridges, lower energy requirements, and a "latch mechanism" allowing prolonged contraction.
4. The role of calcium ions and proteins like calmodulin in activating phosphorylation of the myosin head and initiating contraction.
classification of nerve fibers
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
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The document discusses skeletal muscle contraction and is presented by Dr. Nilesh Kate. It covers the process of muscle excitation through the generation of an action potential. It then explains excitation-contraction coupling, where the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions, which allows for the linking of excitation and contraction. The process of muscle contraction is described through cross-bridge cycling and the sliding filament theory. Both isotonic and isometric muscle contractions are defined. Key events during muscle contraction and relaxation are outlined, including the roles of calcium ions and ATP.
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Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is non-striated involuntary muscle found throughout the body in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, and reproductive system. It functions to regulate movement and contraction of these structures. Smooth muscle cells are elongated and fusiform in shape, containing contractile proteins like actin and myosin in a non-ordered arrangement. There are two types: single-unit smooth muscle which contracts as a syncytium and is more common, and multi-unit smooth muscle which contracts independently and is innervated by nerves.
3.9 SMOOTH MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Nilesh Kate's document provides an overview of smooth muscle physiology. It discusses the functional anatomy and organization of smooth muscle, including that it is non-striated, involuntary muscle that exists in bundles. It describes the two types of smooth muscle - single unit and multi unit - and their characteristics. The document outlines the structure of smooth muscle fibers and covers the processes of excitability, contraction, and relaxation. It explains excitation and inhibition of smooth muscle can occur through nerves, hormones, pacemakers, stretching or temperature changes. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of smooth muscle types, organization, function and physiology.
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Skeletal muscle makes up 40-50% of total body weight and is attached by tendons to bones. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated and striated, have visible banding patterns, and are voluntary muscles under conscious control. Skeletal muscles produce force for locomotion and postural support. Microscopically, skeletal muscle contains myofibrils with thick and thin filaments that slide during muscle contraction and relaxation. Skeletal muscle contraction occurs through summation of motor unit contractions and tetanization at higher stimulation frequencies.
Types of muscle
There are three main types of muscle in the human body: striated muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Striated muscle is found in limbs and organs like the tongue and pharynx. It has long cylindrical fibers with blunt ends and uninucleated cells. Smooth muscle forms sheets in organs like the stomach and contracts slowly for long periods. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart myocardium and has branched fibers that never fatigue.
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1) Excitation-contraction coupling which involves depolarization of the muscle membrane leading to calcium release and muscle contraction.
2) The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules, and troponin-tropomyosin complex in regulating calcium levels and exposing actin binding sites during contraction.
3) The sliding filament theory of how myosin heads binding to actin causes muscle shortening through an ATP-driven cycling of cross-bridge formation and breaking.
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structure of skeletal muscle.ppt.pptx
Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi.
Mechanism of muscle contraction
This document summarizes the structure and contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle. It describes the hierarchical structure of muscle from the whole muscle down to the contractile myofibrils. The myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. Muscle contraction is triggered by a nerve impulse that causes calcium release and the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Contraction occurs as long as calcium is present; relaxation happens when calcium is pumped back into storage.
Contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles
It includes the basic anatomy physiology of skeletal muscles, the thorough working of the muscles, at superficial level to molecular level, the energy input, smooth muscle-cardiac-skeletal muscles differences, smooth muscle anatomy physiology.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers which contain myofibrils made of actin and myosin filaments. The basic contractile unit is the sarcomere, where the overlapping actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. Contraction is triggered by calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential, which allows myosin to bind to and pull on actin, shortening the muscle.
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The document describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It explains the structure of skeletal muscle including the sarcolemma, myofibrils containing actin and myosin filaments, and sarcoplasmic reticulum. It then summarizes the sliding filament model where muscle shortening occurs through the movement of actin filaments over stationary myosin filaments, reducing the distance between Z-lines in the sarcomere.
anatomy and physiology the muscular system
three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
Contraction depends on two kinds of Myofilaments
Actin
Myosin
Prefixes to know: myo, mys, or sarco – word relates to muscle
Each muscle is a discrete organ
Muscle Type Overview
Skeletal Muscle tissue
Skeletal
Striated
Voluntary
Cardiac Muscle tissue
Cardiac
Striated
Involuntary
Smooth Muscle tissue
Visceral
Non-striated
Involuntary
Muscle Functions
1. Producing movement
2. Maintaining posture
3. Stabilizing joints
4. Generating heat
Functional Characteristics of Muscles
Excitability (or Irritability) = ability to receive and respond to stimuli
Contractility = ability to shorten forcibly
Extensibility = ability to be stretched or extended beyond resting length
Elasticity = ability to resume resting length after stretchingMuscle (organ)
Fascicle (a portion of the muscle)
Muscle Fiber (a cell)
These levels are supracellular
Connective Tissue Layer
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Anatomy of a Muscle
Typical ex. is a skeletal muscle
The following are all subcellular.
Myofibril = or fibril, complex organelle composed of bundles of
myofilaments
Myofilament = macromolecular structure of contractile proteins
Sarcomere = the smallest, single contracting unit of a myofibril, a segment
Gross Anatomy
Deep fascia = binds large groups of muscles into functional groups
Muscle = hundreds of fascicles bound together by epimysium
Fascicle = thousands of muscle fibers bound into discrete units by
perimysium
Muscle fiber = single muscle cell surrounded by endomysium
Generous blood and nerve supply
Microscopic Anatomy of a Muscle Fiber
Muscle Fiber = elongated, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle cell
Sarcolemma = plasma (cell) membrane of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm of muscle cell with large amounts of glycogen and
Homeostasis by Dr.Mrs. Padmaja R Desai
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. It is achieved through homeostatic mechanisms that regulate factors like temperature, pH, and electrolyte concentrations. Any deviation from normal ranges can affect enzyme function and lead to death. Homeostasis involves coordinated responses from organs like the lungs, gut, liver, and kidneys as well as the endocrine and nervous systems. Negative feedback mechanisms help stabilize conditions that rise or fall outside normal levels through corrective responses that oppose the initial change. Examples include insulin regulation of blood glucose and baroreceptor control of blood pressure. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be useful in limited contexts like blood clotting and childbirth but generally promote instability.
Bio
Muscle contraction occurs via the sliding filament mechanism. The myosin heads attach to actin and pull the filaments together, shortening the sarcomere. Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin and exposing myosin binding sites on actin. Myosin then hydrolyzes ATP to generate the force needed for cross-bridge cycling and filament sliding. Relaxation occurs when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, removing it from the myofilaments. Motor units, each innervated by a motor neuron, allow graded muscle responses through recruitment of additional fibers.
Contractile mechanism of smooth muscle
This document provides an overview of the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle. It discusses:
1. The physical basis of smooth muscle contraction including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The chemical basis being similar to skeletal muscle but without a troponin complex.
3. Key differences from skeletal muscle including slower cycling of myosin cross-bridges, lower energy requirements, and a "latch mechanism" allowing prolonged contraction.
4. The role of calcium ions and proteins like calmodulin in activating phosphorylation of the myosin head and initiating contraction.
classification of nerve fibers
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
Skeletal muscle contraction
The document discusses skeletal muscle contraction and is presented by Dr. Nilesh Kate. It covers the process of muscle excitation through the generation of an action potential. It then explains excitation-contraction coupling, where the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions, which allows for the linking of excitation and contraction. The process of muscle contraction is described through cross-bridge cycling and the sliding filament theory. Both isotonic and isometric muscle contractions are defined. Key events during muscle contraction and relaxation are outlined, including the roles of calcium ions and ATP.
Chapter 1 organization of the human body
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. The document describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also outlines several important life processes for humans, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Homeostasis and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body are explained. Key anatomical terms are defined to describe body positions, directions, and planes used to divide the body. The major body cavities - thoracic and abdominopelvic - are also outlined.
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This document discusses the three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. It describes their structural and physiological characteristics, including that skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary, and smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary. The document also examines the structure of skeletal muscle fibers down to the sarcomere level and explores muscle contraction types, the role of ATP as an energy source, and factors that influence muscle tension and can lead to fatigue.
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This document summarizes the histology and classification of muscle tissue. There are three main types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary. Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary. Skeletal muscle is composed of elongated cells with multiple nuclei and striations due to the overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Cardiac muscle cells are branched with central nuclei and intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with a single central nucleus. The document focuses on the histology and structure of skeletal muscle.
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Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is non-striated involuntary muscle found throughout the body in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, and reproductive system. It functions to regulate movement and contraction of these structures. Smooth muscle cells are elongated and fusiform in shape, containing contractile proteins like actin and myosin in a non-ordered arrangement. There are two types: single-unit smooth muscle which contracts as a syncytium and is more common, and multi-unit smooth muscle which contracts independently and is innervated by nerves.
3.9 SMOOTH MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Nilesh Kate's document provides an overview of smooth muscle physiology. It discusses the functional anatomy and organization of smooth muscle, including that it is non-striated, involuntary muscle that exists in bundles. It describes the two types of smooth muscle - single unit and multi unit - and their characteristics. The document outlines the structure of smooth muscle fibers and covers the processes of excitability, contraction, and relaxation. It explains excitation and inhibition of smooth muscle can occur through nerves, hormones, pacemakers, stretching or temperature changes. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of smooth muscle types, organization, function and physiology.
The Muscular System Powerpoint
The document provides information about the muscular system, including that there are approximately 640 muscles in the human body, which make up around 40% of body mass. It discusses the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - and their functions. Key facts about muscle structure, types, locations, actions and names are presented.
Types of Muscle Tissue
There are three types of muscle tissue: smooth muscle which is involuntary and found in blood vessels controlling blood flow and digestion; cardiac muscle which is also involuntary and only found in the heart; and skeletal muscle which is voluntary muscle used for posture, movement, and heat production.
part 7C
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels. It has two types of filaments - thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments. Contraction is controlled by phosphorylation of the myosin cross-bridges by myosin light-chain kinase in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels. Cytosolic calcium levels increase due to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or influx from the extracellular space. Smooth muscle is either single-unit or multi-unit depending on the presence of gap junctions between cells. Single-unit smooth muscle contracts as a syncytium while multi-unit contracts independently.
Lecture6 muscle tissue
There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical muscle fibers that contain multiple nuclei. The fibers contain filaments called myofibrils which are made up of thick and thin filaments that give the striated appearance to skeletal muscle. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament model where the overlapping thick and thin filaments slide past each other, shortening the muscle. Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin, exposing actin binding sites for myosin cross-bridging and contraction.
Comparison of skeletal and smooth muscles (1)
This document compares smooth muscle contraction to skeletal muscle contraction. Some key points:
- Smooth muscle requires 1/300 the energy of skeletal muscle to sustain the same tension. It uses one ATP per contraction cycle.
- Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged, lasting 1-3 seconds, while skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes rapidly.
- Smooth muscle is able to maintain contraction, or "latch", with very little energy through prolonged cross-bridge attachment and reduced myosin phosphorylation rates.
- Calcium regulation of contraction is similar between muscle types but smooth muscle response is much slower.
The muscles of the upper and lower limb
This document summarizes the major muscles of the upper and lower extremities. It describes the muscles of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg, organized by anatomical compartment. For each region, it lists the superficial and deep muscle groups from lateral to medial and their main actions. The upper extremity sections cover the muscles of the arm's anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments and the forearm's anterior and posterior groups. The lower extremity sections discuss the thigh muscles that act on the femur and the anterior, posterior, and lateral muscle compartments of the leg and their actions on the ankle.
Properties of cardiac muscles
This document discusses the properties of cardiac muscle. It outlines the electrical properties of excitability including resting membrane potential, action potential, and pacemaker potential. It also mentions conductivity and autorythmicity demonstrated by the Stannius ligature experiment and production of idioventricular rhythm. The mechanical properties discussed include contractility, the all or none law, refractory periods, the staircase phenomenon, the length tension relationship defined by Frank-Starling's law, and the force velocity relationship where increased load decreases velocity of shortening.
Histology of cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle consists of cross-striated cardiomyocytes that are joined end-to-end by specialized junctions called intercalated discs. These discs contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Desmosomes bind cells together while gap junctions allow action potentials to spread between cells, causing the heart to contract as a syncytium. Within intercalated discs are also Purkinje fibers, which are modified cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical signals faster than normal cardiomyocytes. This allows for coordinated contraction of the heart.
Cardiac muscle physiology
This document provides an overview of cardiac muscle structure and function. It defines key terms related to the properties of cardiac muscle such as rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the cardiac syncytium and normal conduction pathway in the heart. It explains excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and compares it to skeletal muscle. It also compares action potentials in the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle. Finally, it discusses the significance of the plateau and refractory period in ventricular muscle action potentials.
Anatomy of head and neck
This document provides an overview of the anatomical structures of the neck. It discusses the layers of the neck including skin, fascia and muscles. It describes the boundaries and contents of the neck triangles, including arteries, veins, nerves and glands. Key structures like the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage are examined in detail. The document emphasizes applied anatomy concepts like the spread of neck infections.
Head neck ppt
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the head and neck region, including the bones, muscles, glands, blood vessels and lymphatics. It describes how to inspect, palpate and auscultate each area as part of a physical exam, noting normal findings as well as potential abnormalities. Developmental variations and considerations for different populations are also outlined.
3. cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the walls of the heart. It has a unique branching and weaving structure with overlapping regions between fibers called intercalated discs. Each cardiac muscle fiber contains one centrally located nucleus and lighter striations than skeletal muscle. Contractions are rhythmic and involuntary due to inherent pacemaker cells in the heart.
Cardiac muscle
The document discusses the structure and function of the cardiac muscle and heart. It describes the heart chambers, valves, and blood flow through the heart. It explains that the heart pumps blood through contraction and relaxation in a cardiac cycle. It details the conducting system of the heart which generates and spreads the electrical impulse for heart contraction. This includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It notes that cardiac muscle cells are striated like skeletal muscle but have specialized ion channels and gap junctions allowing rapid impulse transmission.
1 structure functions nerve cells
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the key cell types - neurons and neuroglia. Neurons include the cell body, dendrites, axon and myelin sheath. The document classifies neurons as sensory, motor or interneurons. It also describes the 6 types of neuroglia and their functions in supporting neurons.
The gross anatomy of the head and neck lecture 3
The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the head and neck, focusing on the osteology of the skull. It describes the two main parts of the skull - the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium comprises the bones that form the brain case and calvarium. The viscerocranium comprises the facial bones. It provides detailed descriptions of the individual skull bones and their features, including landmarks, foramina, and sutures. It also discusses variations in skull anatomy between infants and adults, common fractures, and other clinical considerations.
Skeletal muscle structure & function
This document discusses the structure and function of skeletal muscle. It begins with an introduction to skeletal muscle and then covers topics like muscle fiber structure, development of muscle cells, muscle proteins, the sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and excitation-contraction coupling. Diagrams are provided to illustrate muscle fiber anatomy, the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere, and the relationship between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules. The document provides definitions of key muscle terms and describes the roles of various muscle proteins.
Anatomy Lect 3 Head & Neck
The document provides an overview of anatomy topics related to the head and neck, including:
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- Common injuries like lacerations, skull fractures, and neck issues like torticollis
- Anatomy of the eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, oral cavity, salivary glands, thyroid, and larynx
- Common pathologies and clinical correlations involving these structures
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Smooth muscle by quratulain mughal
- 1. SMOOTH MUSCLE · Upon the basis of light microscopic structure , the smooth muscle is classified into: Non –striated muscle cells, which do not show cross-striations of alternating light and dark bands. · They are involuntary. · Also called as visceral muscles. SHAPE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE · The smooth muscle fibers (cells) are fusiform in shape (i.e. tapering at both ends).
- 2. SIZE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE · The average greatest diameter of a smooth muscle fiber is about 6mm. · However, the length of the smooth muscle fibers is highly variable in different locations , like in the walls of small blood vessels it is about 20mm and in the walls of the intestine it is about 200mm. · Longest smooth muscle fibers are found in the walls of pregnant uterus where they may reach a length of 500mm. · The smooth muscles fibers are usually arranged in the form of sheet or bands. SARCOLEMMA: The cell membrane of each smooth muscle fiber is called sarcolemma. NUCLEUS: Each smooth muscle cell contains a single rod-shape nucleus, which is located in the central thick portion.
- 3. SARCOPLASM: · The cytoplasm of the soomth muscle fiber is known as sarcoplasm. · The sarcoplasm of the smooth muscle cell contains a contractile apparatus of thick and thin filaments. CONTRACTILE APARATUS: It enables the smooth muscles to undergo shortening as and when require. Thin filament and thick filaments: Composed of protein called ACTIN and MYOSIN //. · The sarcoplasm contains: Mitochondria A few elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum Some free ribosome’s A small golgi apparatus & Some glycogen granules. NERVE SUPPLY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE · The smooth muscle is supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system. · All the nerve fibers are postganglionic.
- 4. FUNCTIONS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE · The smooth muscle in the uterus helps women to push out her baby. · In the bladder, to push out urine. · Smooth muscle determines the flow of blood in the arteries. · Also help to move food through the digestive track. · And regulates air flow in lungs.