This document provides an overview of the major organ systems in the human body. It discusses 14 different systems, including their functions and main components. The organ systems work together to keep the body functioning through homeostasis, transport of nutrients and gases, protection from pathogens, movement, digestion, waste removal, and reproduction. The smallest levels of organization are atoms and molecules, which make up organelles and cells, then tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
Human body system:
A system of human body means a collective functional unit made by several organs in which the organs work in complete coordination with one another. Organs cannot work alone because their are certain needs of every organ that need to be fulfilled and the organ itself cannot fulfill those needs. So all organs of human body need the support of other organs to perform their functions and in this way an organ system is formed.
1. Integumentary system
-largest sensory organ
-vitamin D syntheses
-protects deeper tissue
-regulates fluid and blood loss
2. skeletal system
-stores calcium
-frame work for the body
-protects vital organs
-produces red blood cells
3. muscular system
-generates heat
-creates movement
-maintains posture
-uses energy
4. Immune System
-portions of many different systems that fight disease
5. Reproductive System
-production off spring
-production of hormones
6. cardiovascular System
-transportation of nutrients and gas waste
-supports immune function
7. urinary system
-get rid of nitrogenous waste out of blood
-regulated electrolytes, fluid and pH balance
8. Digestive system
-breaks down food into the building blocks for the body
9. respiratory system
-portions moistens and heats air
-gas exchange
10. nervous system
-sensory input
-interpretation of input or thought
-elicit and signal responses
-coordination of muscles
11. endocrine System
-secrets hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and general body function.
Human body system:
A system of human body means a collective functional unit made by several organs in which the organs work in complete coordination with one another. Organs cannot work alone because their are certain needs of every organ that need to be fulfilled and the organ itself cannot fulfill those needs. So all organs of human body need the support of other organs to perform their functions and in this way an organ system is formed.
1. Integumentary system
-largest sensory organ
-vitamin D syntheses
-protects deeper tissue
-regulates fluid and blood loss
2. skeletal system
-stores calcium
-frame work for the body
-protects vital organs
-produces red blood cells
3. muscular system
-generates heat
-creates movement
-maintains posture
-uses energy
4. Immune System
-portions of many different systems that fight disease
5. Reproductive System
-production off spring
-production of hormones
6. cardiovascular System
-transportation of nutrients and gas waste
-supports immune function
7. urinary system
-get rid of nitrogenous waste out of blood
-regulated electrolytes, fluid and pH balance
8. Digestive system
-breaks down food into the building blocks for the body
9. respiratory system
-portions moistens and heats air
-gas exchange
10. nervous system
-sensory input
-interpretation of input or thought
-elicit and signal responses
-coordination of muscles
11. endocrine System
-secrets hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and general body function.
Anatomy and Physiology; Introduction to the human bodyJames H. Workman
A&P terminology introduced, a brief history of the study of anatomy, body systems, life processes, homeostasis, positive and negative feedback systems, directional terms and regions of the body terminology are introduced
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. (1) Living Organization
• All living things are made of cells and
atoms/molecules.
• Levels of Organization:
– Atoms and Molecules
– Organelles and Cells
– Tissues
– Organs
– Organ Systems
– Organism
3.
4. (2) Atoms, Molecules & Reactions
• The basis of all living things is atoms.
• All living things contain at least the following
biological elements:
C H O N P S
• All cellular processes are driven by energy
exchange and the movement and reacting of
different molecules.
5.
6.
7. (3) Homeostasis
• Involuntary processes and reactions are in place to
maintain Homeostasis within cells.
• Homeostasis = Internal stability / balance.
• Examples:
– Shivering when cold.
– Production of red blood cells when oxygen drops.
– Buffering of acidic foods using bicarbonate.
8. (4) Nervous System
• Function:
– Controls all other organ systems.
– Allows you to respond to changes/stimuli.
– Allows you to maintain homeostasis.
• Made Up Of:
– Brain
– Spinal Cord
– Nerves
– Neurons
9.
10. (5) Lymphatic System
• (A.K.A. The Immune System)
• Function:
– Protect body against harmful infectious agents +
compounds.
• Made Up Of:
– White Blood Cells
– Antibodies and Antigens
– Lymph Vessels, Nodes, and Fluid
11.
12. (6) Cardiovascular System
• Function:
– Work with the respiratory system to circulate gases.
– Pump nutrients throughout the body to working
tissues.
• Made Up Of:
– Heart
– Blood Vessels
– Blood + Blood Cells
13.
14. (7) Respiratory System
• Function:
– Work with the cardiovascular system to circulate gases.
– Bring oxygen into body + expel carbon dioxide.
• Made Up Of:
– Nasal Cavity
– Trachea + Bronchioles
– Lungs
– Diaphragm
15.
16. (8) Skeletal System
• Function:
– Provide body support and mobility.
– Protect organs.
– Store minerals and growth hormones.
• Made Up Of:
– Bones
– Joints
– Cartilage
17. (9) Muscular System
• Function:
– Allow for body mobility by working with skeletal
system.
– Produce body heat.
– Allow for organ function and movement.
• Made Up Of:
– Muscle
– Ligaments + Tendons
18.
19. (10) Digestive System
• Function:
– Break food into smaller pieces.
– Metabolize biomolecules within food.
– Absorb useful nutrients + expel waste.
• Made Up Of:
– Oral Cavity + Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small + Large Intestine
– Rectum + Anus
20. (11) Excretory System
• (A.K.A. The Urinary System)
• Function:
– Filter Blood.
– Remove excessive / harmful compounds within blood.
• Made Up Of:
– Kidneys
– Ureters
– Bladder
– Urethra
21.
22. (12) Reproductive System
• Function:
– Pass genes on to produced offspring.
• Made Up Of:
– Male Sperm, Testes, Penis
– Female Eggs, Ovaries + Uterus, Vagina
23.
24. (13) Endocrine System
• Function:
– Produce hormones.
– Control and initiate the progress of growth,
development, organ function, and reproduction.
• Made Up Of:
– Glands
– Hormones
25. (14) Integumentary System
• Function:
– Protect internal organs.
– Allow for increased manipulation.
– Increase heat barrier.
– Produce vitamins.
• Made Up Of:
– Skin
– Nails
– Hair