Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Living Organization & Rats

1. ANATOMY
Unit 1 Notes:
Living
Organization
& Rats

2. (1) Living Organization
• All living things are made of cells and
atoms/molecules.
• Levels of Organization:
– Atoms and Molecules
– Organelles and Cells
– Tissues
– Organs
– Organ Systems
– Organism

4. (2) Atoms, Molecules & Reactions
• The basis of all living things is atoms.
• All living things contain at least the following
biological elements:
C H O N P S
• All cellular processes are driven by energy
exchange and the movement and reacting of
different molecules.

7. (3) Homeostasis
• Involuntary processes and reactions are in place to
maintain Homeostasis within cells.
• Homeostasis = Internal stability / balance.
• Examples:
– Shivering when cold.
– Production of red blood cells when oxygen drops.
– Buffering of acidic foods using bicarbonate.

8. (4) Special Organ Systems
(The following are NOT covered in detail this
semester.)
• The Lymphatic System
• The Reproductive System
• The Endocrine System
• The Integumentary System

9. (5) Lymphatic System
• (A.K.A. The Immune System)
• Function:
– Protect body against harmful infectious agents +
compounds.
• Made Up Of:
– White Blood Cells
– Antibodies and Antigens
– Lymph Vessels, Nodes, and Fluid

11. (6) Reproductive System
• Function:
– Pass genes on to produced offspring.
• Made Up Of:
– Male  Sperm, Testes, Penis
– Female  Eggs, Ovaries + Uterus, Vagina

13. (7) Endocrine System
• Function:
– Produce hormones.
– Control and initiate the progress of growth,
development, organ function, and reproduction.
• Made Up Of:
– Glands
– Hormones

14. (8) Integumentary System
• Function:
– Protect internal organs.
– Allow for increased manipulation.
– Increase heat barrier.
– Produce vitamins.
• Made Up Of:
– Skin
– Nails
– Hair

15. (9) Internal Organs & Rats
• Rats will be dissected to observe main internal
organs.
• You need to identify, and know the function of:
– Heart
– Lungs
– Ribs
– Diaphragm
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Kidneys
- Spleen

16. (10) Internal Organ Locations
• Heart:
– Under ribs, in between lungs.
– Small, red-brown.
• Lungs:
– Below ribs, sides of heart.
– Soft brown-gray flaps.
• Ribs:
– Hard bone in chest.
• Diaphragm:
– Directly below chest, on top of
digestive organs.
– Thin, but tough muscle.
• Liver:
– Rat’s right side, below ribs.
– Largest internal organ.
– Dense, red-brown/gray.
• Stomach:
– Rat’s left side, below ribs.
– Soft, flesh-colored, sac.
• Small Intestine:
– Skinny tube directly connected to stomach.
• Large Intestine:
– Thicker tube connected to sm.intestine and
anus.
• Spleen:
– Lays over top of stomach + intestines.
– Red-brown, tongue shaped.
– Rat’s left side.

17. (11) Special Internal Organs
• Kidneys:
– Located along the back (under all digestive organs).
– 2 of them.
– Red-brown, one on right and one on left.
• Gallbladder:
– Rats do not contain one, but humans do.
– Rats simply use stomach + small intestine chemicals to
digest fats.
– Function  Secrete bile for lipid (fat) metabolism.

19. Yes you need to
draw this!!

20. (12) Basic Organ Function
• Heart: Pump blood + circulate nutrients.
• Lungs: Bring in oxygen + expel carbon dioxide.
• Ribs: Protect soft tissues/organs.
• Diaphragm: Help lungs fill with air.
• Stomach: Metabolize food.

21. (Slide #12 Continued)
• Small Intestines: Absorb nutrients from food.
• Large Intestine: Expel food waste.
• Liver: Break down bad blood cells + toxins.
• Kidneys: Filter blood.
• Spleen: Help monitor red-blood cell function and
immune system.