The document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the cardiovascular system including:
1. The heart chambers, valves, conduction system, and coronary arteries.
2. The circulatory system including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
3. The functions of the cardiovascular system including circulation and regulation of heart rate.
4. Methods for assessing the cardiovascular system including health history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
The document provides an overview of cardiology basics and the physical exam of the heart. It discusses the importance of the heart in pumping blood and removing waste. Key points include:
- The heart's function is determined by cardiac output, which depends on stroke volume and heart rate.
- Auscultation of heart sounds can detect murmurs or arrhythmias while lung sounds may reveal crackles or wheezes.
- Physical exam also involves assessing vital parameters and looking for signs of dyspnea or weakness.
- Common cardiac conditions addressed include murmurs, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and atrial thromboembolism in cats.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology, including:
- The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood flow between the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and ensures one-way blood flow through valves.
- The cardiovascular system consists of the pulmonary circuit carrying blood to and from the lungs, and the systemic circuit carrying blood to and from the rest of the body.
- The left side of the heart is more muscular than the right side to pump blood through the higher pressure systemic circuit.
The document discusses hemodynamics, which is the movement of blood in the blood vessels outside the heart. The main factors that regulate blood flow are pressure gradients, vessel diameter, length, and blood viscosity. Blood flow is directly proportional to vessel diameter and inversely proportional to length and viscosity. Arteries have thicker muscular walls than veins and carry blood at higher pressures. Veins have thinner, more distensible walls and store about 65% of the total blood volume at lower pressures. Laminar flow is smooth flow near vessel walls while turbulent flow occurs when flow becomes irregular, such as during stenosis. Maximum resistance to blood flow occurs in the arterioles.
Cardiovascular disruptions can be caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart, infections of the heart, or immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. A lack of blood supply can result in ischemia, angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. Infections can directly damage the heart valves and decrease cardiac output. Common infections include infective endocarditis from bacteria entering the bloodstream, and rheumatic heart disease from an untreated streptococcal infection which causes inflammation of the heart valves.
The document discusses the pathophysiology of heart failure, including causes such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and pulmonary heart disease. It describes how injury to the heart muscle leads to a loss of cardiac myocyte function and decreased contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output. As a compensatory response, the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated to increase preload and afterload. Over time, this leads to left ventricular remodeling and further worsening of cardiac function, resulting in the symptoms of heart failure.
The document discusses cardiac anatomy and physiology. It describes the heart's location in the chest, its layers including the pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. It lists the four heart valves that control blood flow and terms related to heart function such as stroke volume and cardiac output. Assessment techniques for the heart like inspection, palpation and auscultation are also mentioned along with common causes of chest pain and risk factors for heart disease.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. It functions to circulate blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that allow one-way blood flow. It is regulated by the conduction system and receives blood through the coronary arteries. Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function include blood tests, ECG, stress test and cardiac catheterization. Nursing focuses on optimizing hemodynamics, perfusion and managing related symptoms.
General cardiovascular system
• Diagnostic tests p. 621
o ECG
o Stress ECG
o CXR
o Echo
o Cardiac cath
o Angiography
o Doppler studies
o Pulse oximetry
• Haematological studies p. 623
o Serum electrolytes
o Blood gases
o Serum enzymes
o Serum lipids
• Classification of cardiac disorders p. 629
• Risk factors p. 629
Congenital heart defects p. 630
• Description of congenital defects
o ASD
o VSD
o PDA
o Tetralogy of Fallot
• Clinical manifestations of congenital defects
• Management
Disorders associated with the conducting system p 633
• Specific dysrhythmias of the atria p. 634
o PAC
o Atrial flutter
o Atrial Fibrillation
• Ventricular dysrhythmias p 637
o Ventricular tachycardia
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Ventricular asystole
• Management
Congestive cardiac failure p. 644, PCCM 81
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Classification of CCF
o Systolic HF
o Right sided
o Left sided
• Clinical manifestations
o Respiratory
o GIT
o Oedema
o Renal
o Neurological
o Other
o Physical examination
o Summary table 33.6
• Diagnostic test results
• Management
o See N/care plan p 624
o PCCM p 84
Bed rest
Stress relief
Diet
Exercise
Smoking / alcohol
Refer
Medication
• Nursing management
Cardiac trauma p 647, p 216, table 33.7
• Stabbed heart PCCM 272
Management of coronary artery disease
• Risk factors p 651
• Pathophysiology p 651
• Nursing assessment p 652
o Subjective/ Objective
• Diagnostic test results p 653 (not SGOT)
Angina p 653 PCCM p 91 (T&E Periods)
• Stable
• Unstable
• Clinical features pain PCCM 91
• Management P 653 PCCM 91
Myocardial infarct p 653 PCCM p 92 (T&E Periods)
• Clinical manifestations p 654 PCCM 92
• Clinical features pain PCCM 92
• Management
o Medical
o PTCA /CABG
o Nursing
Diagnoses
Outcomes
Interventions
• Complications
o Cardiogenic shock
o Cardiac failure
o Deep vein thrombosis
o Pulmonary embolism
• Essential health information
The document provides an overview of cardiology basics and the physical exam of the heart. It discusses the importance of the heart in pumping blood and removing waste. Key points include:
- The heart's function is determined by cardiac output, which depends on stroke volume and heart rate.
- Auscultation of heart sounds can detect murmurs or arrhythmias while lung sounds may reveal crackles or wheezes.
- Physical exam also involves assessing vital parameters and looking for signs of dyspnea or weakness.
- Common cardiac conditions addressed include murmurs, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and atrial thromboembolism in cats.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart physiology, including:
- The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood flow between the pulmonary and systemic circuits, and ensures one-way blood flow through valves.
- The cardiovascular system consists of the pulmonary circuit carrying blood to and from the lungs, and the systemic circuit carrying blood to and from the rest of the body.
- The left side of the heart is more muscular than the right side to pump blood through the higher pressure systemic circuit.
The document discusses hemodynamics, which is the movement of blood in the blood vessels outside the heart. The main factors that regulate blood flow are pressure gradients, vessel diameter, length, and blood viscosity. Blood flow is directly proportional to vessel diameter and inversely proportional to length and viscosity. Arteries have thicker muscular walls than veins and carry blood at higher pressures. Veins have thinner, more distensible walls and store about 65% of the total blood volume at lower pressures. Laminar flow is smooth flow near vessel walls while turbulent flow occurs when flow becomes irregular, such as during stenosis. Maximum resistance to blood flow occurs in the arterioles.
Cardiovascular disruptions can be caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart, infections of the heart, or immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. A lack of blood supply can result in ischemia, angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. Infections can directly damage the heart valves and decrease cardiac output. Common infections include infective endocarditis from bacteria entering the bloodstream, and rheumatic heart disease from an untreated streptococcal infection which causes inflammation of the heart valves.
The document discusses the pathophysiology of heart failure, including causes such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and pulmonary heart disease. It describes how injury to the heart muscle leads to a loss of cardiac myocyte function and decreased contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output. As a compensatory response, the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated to increase preload and afterload. Over time, this leads to left ventricular remodeling and further worsening of cardiac function, resulting in the symptoms of heart failure.
The document discusses cardiac anatomy and physiology. It describes the heart's location in the chest, its layers including the pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. It lists the four heart valves that control blood flow and terms related to heart function such as stroke volume and cardiac output. Assessment techniques for the heart like inspection, palpation and auscultation are also mentioned along with common causes of chest pain and risk factors for heart disease.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. It functions to circulate blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that allow one-way blood flow. It is regulated by the conduction system and receives blood through the coronary arteries. Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function include blood tests, ECG, stress test and cardiac catheterization. Nursing focuses on optimizing hemodynamics, perfusion and managing related symptoms.
General cardiovascular system
• Diagnostic tests p. 621
o ECG
o Stress ECG
o CXR
o Echo
o Cardiac cath
o Angiography
o Doppler studies
o Pulse oximetry
• Haematological studies p. 623
o Serum electrolytes
o Blood gases
o Serum enzymes
o Serum lipids
• Classification of cardiac disorders p. 629
• Risk factors p. 629
Congenital heart defects p. 630
• Description of congenital defects
o ASD
o VSD
o PDA
o Tetralogy of Fallot
• Clinical manifestations of congenital defects
• Management
Disorders associated with the conducting system p 633
• Specific dysrhythmias of the atria p. 634
o PAC
o Atrial flutter
o Atrial Fibrillation
• Ventricular dysrhythmias p 637
o Ventricular tachycardia
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Ventricular asystole
• Management
Congestive cardiac failure p. 644, PCCM 81
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Classification of CCF
o Systolic HF
o Right sided
o Left sided
• Clinical manifestations
o Respiratory
o GIT
o Oedema
o Renal
o Neurological
o Other
o Physical examination
o Summary table 33.6
• Diagnostic test results
• Management
o See N/care plan p 624
o PCCM p 84
Bed rest
Stress relief
Diet
Exercise
Smoking / alcohol
Refer
Medication
• Nursing management
Cardiac trauma p 647, p 216, table 33.7
• Stabbed heart PCCM 272
Management of coronary artery disease
• Risk factors p 651
• Pathophysiology p 651
• Nursing assessment p 652
o Subjective/ Objective
• Diagnostic test results p 653 (not SGOT)
Angina p 653 PCCM p 91 (T&E Periods)
• Stable
• Unstable
• Clinical features pain PCCM 91
• Management P 653 PCCM 91
Myocardial infarct p 653 PCCM p 92 (T&E Periods)
• Clinical manifestations p 654 PCCM 92
• Clinical features pain PCCM 92
• Management
o Medical
o PTCA /CABG
o Nursing
Diagnoses
Outcomes
Interventions
• Complications
o Cardiogenic shock
o Cardiac failure
o Deep vein thrombosis
o Pulmonary embolism
• Essential health information
This document summarizes a case study of a 73-year-old woman with mitral stenosis who presented with dyspnea, fatigue, and edema. Hemodynamic evaluation found unusual pulsus alternans and an improvement in pressures and gradients with beta-blocker treatment. Direct left atrial pressure measurement confirmed moderate prosthetic mitral stenosis. The presence of pulsus alternans in mitral stenosis and hemodynamic improvement with beta-blockers made this an interesting case to report.
This document discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of angina. Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. It is usually a symptom of coronary artery disease. The document describes the different types of angina and how doctors diagnose angina through tests like EKGs, stress tests, blood tests, and angiography. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures, and cardiac rehabilitation to reduce pain, prevent heart attacks, and treat the underlying heart condition.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in NURS 216 Spring 2013 related to the cardiovascular system. It includes:
1) A reading assignment from the textbook and objectives to review cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disorders.
2) An outline of topics such as the heart's mechanical functions, layers of the heart, blood pressure regulation, arterial and venous systems, electrocardiograms, and cardiac output.
3) Details on specific cardiovascular conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, aneurysms, and orthostatic hypotension.
This document provides information on various heart murmurs, including their causes, associated symptoms, physical exam findings like location of murmurs and thrills, consequences, and recommended tests and treatments. It covers murmurs from aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular septal defects, and more. Exam findings are emphasized, along with distinguishing features between similar murmurs. A wide range of cardiac conditions are concisely summarized.
Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition caused by fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, putting pressure on the heart and preventing it from filling properly. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid via needle, with careful monitoring of vital signs.
- Heart rate, or heart pulse, is measured by the number of heartbeats per minute. It can vary from 60-100 beats per minute at rest and is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Factors like exercise, stress, illness and drugs can cause changes in heart rate.
- Abnormal heart rates include bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate below 60 bpm, and tachycardia, which is a fast heart rate above 100 bpm. Irregular heart rhythms are called arrhythmias.
- The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by releasing norepinephrine, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it by releasing acetylcholine. A
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
Examination of pulse(CLINICAL MEDICINE)Sue Ting Lim
The document discusses the examination of the pulse, including definitions, assessment of rate, rhythm, equality, character, and peripheral pulses. Key points assessed include rate (tachycardia vs bradycardia), rhythm (regular vs irregular), and character (dicrotic, anacrotic, bounding, thready etc.). Causes of variations in pulse rate are provided for tachycardia and bradycardia. Specific pulse characteristics like catacrotic, pulsus paradoxus, pulsus bigeminus are defined along with their causes.
This document discusses the common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases. It describes 6 main symptom categories: 1) Dyspnea or shortness of breath, noting factors like onset and grading scales. 2) Chest pain, distinguishing angina, myocardial infarction, pericarditis and other causes. 3) Palpitations from normal sinus rhythm to sustained arrhythmias. 4) Syncope and dizziness, especially from postural hypotension, arrhythmias and left ventricular outflow obstruction. 5) Peripheral edema in ankles, sacrum or generalized from conditions like congestive heart failure or deep vein thrombosis. 6) Systemic symptoms like fatigue from heart failure, arrhythmias or drugs. For each symptom, specific details
Congestive heart failure (CHF) results from an inadequate cardiac output which causes increased blood volume and congestion. Fluid accumulates in tissues causing edema. CHF can be caused by ventricular failure where the heart's contractions become weak, or mechanical failure where the ventricles fail to fill with blood properly. Common causes include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and valve problems.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
A 52-year-old woman presents with gradually worsening shortness of breath over 2 years and now requires 2 pillows at night. On examination, she has an apical diastolic murmur. This suggests she has valvular heart disease, likely mitral stenosis given the murmur location and symptoms. Mitral stenosis narrows the opening between the left atrium and ventricle, causing shortness of breath and difficulty sleeping flat. Surgical options may include balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on severity.
Tricuspid valve disease involves the valve on the right side of the heart. It can be caused by structural abnormalities present from birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. The two main types are tricuspid stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and tricuspid regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly and allows blood to flow backward. Symptoms include fatigue, swelling, and pain. Diagnosis involves echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound of the heart. Treatment options include medical management or surgical repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve.
The document discusses various heart valve conditions including mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, pulmonary valve stenosis, and pulmonary valve regurgitation. It defines each condition, discusses their causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and potential treatments which may include medications, balloon valvuloplasty procedures, or valve repair/replacement surgeries.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including the heart structure and function, blood vessels, conducting system, heart sounds, blood pressure regulation, and various diagnostic tests used to evaluate the cardiovascular system such as ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, cardiac catheterization, and CVP measurement. Laboratory tests discussed include cardiac enzymes, lipids, and diagnostic procedures for assessing the cardiovascular system.
The document discusses examination of various pulses and abnormalities that may be present. It examines pulses at different locations that should be checked and differences that may indicate issues. Specific abnormalities are then defined and causes explained, including pulsus alternans indicating left ventricular failure, pulsus paradoxus seen in cardiac tamponade, and characteristics of pulses in aortic stenosis like an anacrotic pulse and delayed upstroke.
Determinants of cardiac output for captivateleslielally
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
The document discusses diseases of the heart, specifically chronic ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. It describes the blood supply to the heart from the coronary arteries and the risks factors, causes, classifications, signs and symptoms, progression, complications and treatment of myocardial infarction. Key points include that myocardial infarction is mainly caused by blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerosis, and can lead to complications like arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock or cardiac rupture if not properly treated.
This document is unintelligible as it contains random characters and symbols with no discernible words, sentences, or meaning. No important information can be extracted from it.
This document contains 3 certificates of attendance awarded to Diane Mary K. Nuevas by the Philippine National Red Cross for completing various medical training courses, including:
1) A 4-day First Aid training course from January 13-16, 2010.
2) A 2-day Basic Life Support and CPR training course for healthcare providers from January 11-12, 2010.
3) A 1-day training course on Automated External Defibrillator operation on January 12, 2010. All courses were held in Cagayan de Oro City.
This document summarizes a case study of a 73-year-old woman with mitral stenosis who presented with dyspnea, fatigue, and edema. Hemodynamic evaluation found unusual pulsus alternans and an improvement in pressures and gradients with beta-blocker treatment. Direct left atrial pressure measurement confirmed moderate prosthetic mitral stenosis. The presence of pulsus alternans in mitral stenosis and hemodynamic improvement with beta-blockers made this an interesting case to report.
This document discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of angina. Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen. It is usually a symptom of coronary artery disease. The document describes the different types of angina and how doctors diagnose angina through tests like EKGs, stress tests, blood tests, and angiography. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures, and cardiac rehabilitation to reduce pain, prevent heart attacks, and treat the underlying heart condition.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in NURS 216 Spring 2013 related to the cardiovascular system. It includes:
1) A reading assignment from the textbook and objectives to review cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disorders.
2) An outline of topics such as the heart's mechanical functions, layers of the heart, blood pressure regulation, arterial and venous systems, electrocardiograms, and cardiac output.
3) Details on specific cardiovascular conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, aneurysms, and orthostatic hypotension.
This document provides information on various heart murmurs, including their causes, associated symptoms, physical exam findings like location of murmurs and thrills, consequences, and recommended tests and treatments. It covers murmurs from aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular septal defects, and more. Exam findings are emphasized, along with distinguishing features between similar murmurs. A wide range of cardiac conditions are concisely summarized.
Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition caused by fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, putting pressure on the heart and preventing it from filling properly. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid via needle, with careful monitoring of vital signs.
- Heart rate, or heart pulse, is measured by the number of heartbeats per minute. It can vary from 60-100 beats per minute at rest and is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Factors like exercise, stress, illness and drugs can cause changes in heart rate.
- Abnormal heart rates include bradycardia, which is a slow heart rate below 60 bpm, and tachycardia, which is a fast heart rate above 100 bpm. Irregular heart rhythms are called arrhythmias.
- The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by releasing norepinephrine, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it by releasing acetylcholine. A
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
Examination of pulse(CLINICAL MEDICINE)Sue Ting Lim
The document discusses the examination of the pulse, including definitions, assessment of rate, rhythm, equality, character, and peripheral pulses. Key points assessed include rate (tachycardia vs bradycardia), rhythm (regular vs irregular), and character (dicrotic, anacrotic, bounding, thready etc.). Causes of variations in pulse rate are provided for tachycardia and bradycardia. Specific pulse characteristics like catacrotic, pulsus paradoxus, pulsus bigeminus are defined along with their causes.
This document discusses the common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases. It describes 6 main symptom categories: 1) Dyspnea or shortness of breath, noting factors like onset and grading scales. 2) Chest pain, distinguishing angina, myocardial infarction, pericarditis and other causes. 3) Palpitations from normal sinus rhythm to sustained arrhythmias. 4) Syncope and dizziness, especially from postural hypotension, arrhythmias and left ventricular outflow obstruction. 5) Peripheral edema in ankles, sacrum or generalized from conditions like congestive heart failure or deep vein thrombosis. 6) Systemic symptoms like fatigue from heart failure, arrhythmias or drugs. For each symptom, specific details
Congestive heart failure (CHF) results from an inadequate cardiac output which causes increased blood volume and congestion. Fluid accumulates in tissues causing edema. CHF can be caused by ventricular failure where the heart's contractions become weak, or mechanical failure where the ventricles fail to fill with blood properly. Common causes include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and valve problems.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat. Factors that affect cardiac output include body metabolism, exercise level, age, and body size. Cardiac output increases with exercise and decreases with age. It is tightly regulated to meet the metabolic demands of the body's tissues.
A 52-year-old woman presents with gradually worsening shortness of breath over 2 years and now requires 2 pillows at night. On examination, she has an apical diastolic murmur. This suggests she has valvular heart disease, likely mitral stenosis given the murmur location and symptoms. Mitral stenosis narrows the opening between the left atrium and ventricle, causing shortness of breath and difficulty sleeping flat. Surgical options may include balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on severity.
Tricuspid valve disease involves the valve on the right side of the heart. It can be caused by structural abnormalities present from birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. The two main types are tricuspid stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and tricuspid regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly and allows blood to flow backward. Symptoms include fatigue, swelling, and pain. Diagnosis involves echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound of the heart. Treatment options include medical management or surgical repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve.
The document discusses various heart valve conditions including mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, pulmonary valve stenosis, and pulmonary valve regurgitation. It defines each condition, discusses their causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and potential treatments which may include medications, balloon valvuloplasty procedures, or valve repair/replacement surgeries.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output can vary depending on the body's activity level and is regulated by factors that influence heart rate and stroke volume. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased venous return leads to increased stretch of the heart muscle and increased force of contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume and cardiac output.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including the heart structure and function, blood vessels, conducting system, heart sounds, blood pressure regulation, and various diagnostic tests used to evaluate the cardiovascular system such as ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, cardiac catheterization, and CVP measurement. Laboratory tests discussed include cardiac enzymes, lipids, and diagnostic procedures for assessing the cardiovascular system.
The document discusses examination of various pulses and abnormalities that may be present. It examines pulses at different locations that should be checked and differences that may indicate issues. Specific abnormalities are then defined and causes explained, including pulsus alternans indicating left ventricular failure, pulsus paradoxus seen in cardiac tamponade, and characteristics of pulses in aortic stenosis like an anacrotic pulse and delayed upstroke.
Determinants of cardiac output for captivateleslielally
This document discusses determinants of cardiac output and factors that influence heart function. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload and contractility. Preload refers to ventricular filling, afterload is the resistance against which the heart pumps, and contractility is the heart's inherent ability to contract. Conditions such as heart failure, shock and arrhythmias can decrease cardiac output by impacting these determinants. Understanding hemodynamics helps evaluate a patient's cardiac function and guide treatment.
The document discusses diseases of the heart, specifically chronic ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. It describes the blood supply to the heart from the coronary arteries and the risks factors, causes, classifications, signs and symptoms, progression, complications and treatment of myocardial infarction. Key points include that myocardial infarction is mainly caused by blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerosis, and can lead to complications like arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock or cardiac rupture if not properly treated.
This document is unintelligible as it contains random characters and symbols with no discernible words, sentences, or meaning. No important information can be extracted from it.
This document contains 3 certificates of attendance awarded to Diane Mary K. Nuevas by the Philippine National Red Cross for completing various medical training courses, including:
1) A 4-day First Aid training course from January 13-16, 2010.
2) A 2-day Basic Life Support and CPR training course for healthcare providers from January 11-12, 2010.
3) A 1-day training course on Automated External Defibrillator operation on January 12, 2010. All courses were held in Cagayan de Oro City.
Diane Mary Kionisala completed a Practical Nursing course at Holy Cross School of Practical Nursing, Inc. in Cagayan de Oro City. She completed primary school in Sagay, Central School and high school at St. Augustine School of Nursing. Her transcript shows her final grades for courses completed from Levels I through IV, including Anatomy, Nutrition, English, Fundamentals of Nursing, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Maternal/Child Nursing, and Medical/Surgical Nursing. She achieved a Certificate of Practical Nursing in June 2010 with over 750 hours of theoretical classroom instruction and over 800 hours of clinical experience in areas like delivery, newborn care, pediatric nursing and psychiatric nursing.
The Community Skills Initiative is an education division of C.P.D.M.S. Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. It is accredited by the Highfield Awarding Body for Compliance. The Community Skills Initiative offers courses in areas such as teacher training, first aid training, and more to help individuals gain skills for employment. It is located in Ashton-Under-Lyne and aims to provide education and assistance to those seeking to reenter the workforce or society after criminal offenses.
This document certifies that Diane Mary K. Fuentes has completed the requirements to graduate from an unnamed training institute. It confirms she is eligible to graduate and can present her diploma, transcript, and certificate of training when applying for jobs abroad. The signatures on the attached documents are verified as authentic by the school registrar and vice president/CEO of the institute, which is recognized by the Philippine government.
This document discusses the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection. It argues that historically, many have seen these as competing goals but that a sustainable path is possible that pursues both simultaneously. Reducing pollution and carbon emissions while boosting standards of living will require new technologies, policies, and ways of thinking that value the environment on par with economic metrics. With political will and cooperation across sectors, nations can transition to greener and more inclusive economic models.
This certification document confirms that Datie Mary Il Nuevas volunteered for Gugma sa Kabataan, Inc in 2010. As a volunteer, her responsibilities included caring for the daily hygiene needs of the children and conducting a baseline study of family health practices partnered with the organization. The certification describes Ms. Nuevas as analytical, capable of making decisions, willing to take on other responsibilities as needed, open to new techniques, and persevering, with an ability to work well in a team while respecting others.
A modified version of Paul Pruysers 7 benchmarks for pastoral diagnosis. Provides guidelines for pastoral care, either for single visit or longer term process.
This document provides information about basic life support (BLS) including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines BLS as an emergency procedure to recognize respiratory or cardiac arrest and use CPR to maintain life until the victim recovers or more advanced support is available. It describes the links in the chain of survival and emphasizes the importance of early access to care, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced cardiac life support. The document also reviews anatomy, body systems, risks for cardiovascular disease, and what occurs in a heart attack.
Look at different models of christian counseling, pastoral care, and coaching... with special attention to the perspectives regarding goal (repair versus growth) and relationship between theology and psychology.
1) The document discusses the author's three rotational community duties as a nursing student in rural health units and municipalities in Baguio City and Benguet, Philippines.
2) During their community duties, the students conducted home visits, health teachings, and simple medical interventions. They provided care like blood pressure monitoring and gained experience applying their nursing knowledge.
3) The author learned valuable skills like managing their time efficiently, communicating with patients and staff, and computing important health metrics for pregnant women. They found the duties a crucial learning experience.
The document summarizes the history and origins of the Red Cross, beginning with the Battle of Solferino in 1859 where Jean Henri Dunant witnessed the suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield. This inspired him to form the International Committee of the Red Cross and campaign for the Geneva Conventions. The Red Cross now provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief services worldwide according to the seven fundamental principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality. The Philippine Red Cross was established in 1899 and continues to operate various medical, youth and community programs across the Philippines.
Basic first aid techniques for moving injured persons include:
- Helping a conscious victim walk by letting them put their arms over the rescuer's shoulders.
- Carrying an unconscious person by cradling their head and pulling them away by their shoulders or clothing.
- Rolling an unconscious person onto a blanket or sleeping bag and pulling them to safety.
- With a helper, surrounding a conscious victim and helping them walk or improvising a stretcher to carry them.
The document provides an overview of a workshop on disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) for schools, including an opening prayer, welcome remarks, presentations on DRRM programs and policies, earthquake and tsunami preparedness, and an actual drill evaluation. It also discusses Philippines' hazardscape, earthquake and tsunami hazards like from the Manila Trench, and the importance of schools having a DRRM plan.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a 15-hour course on cardiovascular pathology. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the heart, arteries, veins, and investigations. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. Key topics summarized include the structure and function of the heart, cardiac output, laws of the cardiovascular system, mechanisms of cardiovascular disease, and common investigations like imaging, electrocardiograms, and diagnostic tests.
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. It has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The cardiovascular system is regulated by both intrinsic and neural factors. Diseases can occur if the circulatory system is not functioning properly.
This document summarizes the clinical examination of the cardiovascular system in animals. It describes examining the heart through inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Auscultation is the primary method and involves listening for normal and abnormal heart sounds. Abnormal sounds include murmurs which can be systolic, diastolic, or continuous. The heart rate and rhythm are also examined. Additional examination involves the jugular vein, capillaries, and peripheral circulation.
Cardiovascular assessment and diagnostic proceduresANILKUMAR BR
The document provides an overview of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, including the structure of the heart, chambers of the heart, heart valves, cardiac cycle, and coronary arteries. It also discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. Common diagnostic tests and manifestations of cardiovascular disease are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and heart anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
- The main components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
- The layers of the heart wall and internal structures such as the atria, ventricles, and valves.
- The conduction system that coordinates heart contractions including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers.
- The cardiac cycle and how blood is pumped through the heart and circulated in the body. Key variables that regulate cardiac output and stroke volume are heart rate, preload, contractility, and afterload.
This document provides an overview of a demonstration on cardiovascular assessment. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart, conducting system of the heart, assessment through history taking, inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Abnormal heart sounds, laboratory tests, and the conclusion of integrating cardiovascular health history and physical exam are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in NURS 216 Spring 2013 related to cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disorders. Key points include:
- Review of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and mechanical functions of the heart.
- Discussion of disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and venous disorders.
- Objectives are to review cardiovascular concepts and discuss various cardiovascular disorders, including their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
The document discusses cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. It describes the structures of the heart including the layers (pericardium, epicardial fat, myocardium, endocardium), chambers (left and right atria and ventricles), and valves. It also discusses the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. Hemodynamic monitoring techniques are covered such as intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, pulmonary artery pressure monitoring, and mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring. Physical exam skills related to cardiovascular assessment are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of cardiology and cardiovascular disease. It discusses the leading causes of death worldwide, including coronary heart disease and diseases of the heart muscles and valves. It then covers topics like case history taking in cardiology, common symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath, methods for examining the cardiovascular system, and risk factors for conditions like coronary heart disease.
Circulatory system of human being its structure function types and comparison...Nabeel805998
It includes a comprehensive description of circulatory system, its structure function and types.
It also includes diagrammatic representation of various parts circuits and working of human circulation.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
it include circulation, cardiac cycle and changes occure in different phase. blood pressure and its regulation. cardiac output and factor affectiing it. Normal Echocardiography and its study.
This document provides information on assessing the cardiovascular system. It begins with an introduction on the importance of cardiovascular assessment by nurses. It then covers anatomy and physiology of the heart, including the valves and blood circulation. Physical examination techniques are outlined, including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Common abnormalities that may be found on assessment are listed. Finally, additional investigation methods are mentioned, such as electrocardiograms, blood tests and cardiac imaging.
Blood pressure is regulated through several mechanisms including the nervous system, kidneys, hormones, and locally produced chemicals. The document discusses the components of blood, normal blood pressure ranges, factors controlling blood pressure such as cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and conditions such as hypertension. Measurement of blood pressure is described including the auscultatory method using Korotkoff sounds. Mechanisms for regulating blood pressure involve baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, the renin-angiotensin system, and renal control of fluid balance and salt.
The document provides a lesson plan on congestive heart failure (CHF). It defines CHF and lists its causes such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. It discusses the pathophysiology of CHF including how the heart initially tries to compensate through hypertrophy, dilation, and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. However, these compensatory mechanisms can ultimately cause further damage. The document also covers the types of CHF (systolic and diastolic), diagnostic procedures, and management of the condition.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
2013 103 notes 5
1. Page 1 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
A. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
1. Heart
hollow, muscular organ that lies in the mediastinum
rests on the diaphragm
a. Pericardium
- encases the heart.
- thin membranous sac containing 20-30 ml serous fluid
- protects the heart from trauma and friction
b. Heart Wall
- Epicardium: thin serous outer layer
- Myocardium: thick muscular middle layer
- Endocardium: smooth inner layer in contact with blood
c. Heart Chambers (separated by a membranous muscular septum)
- Right Atrium
low-pressure
receives systemic venous blood via superior & inferior vena cava
- Right Ventricle
low-pressure
receives blood from RA via tricuspid valve
ejects deoxygenated blood via pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery
- Left Atrium
low-pressure
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins
- Left Ventricle
high-pressure
receives blood from atrium via mitral valve
Ejects oxygenated blood to the aorta into systemic circulation
d. Heart Valves
- AV (Atrioventricularvalves )
Tricuspid Valve between right atrium and ventricle
Mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricle
- Semilunar valves :between ventricles and artery
Pulmonic valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Aortic valve between left ventricle and aorta
- Papillary musles
Muscle bundles on the ventricular walls
Chordae Tendinae: fibrous bands extending from the papillary muscles to the valve cusps
e. Cardiac Conduction System
- propagation of electricall impulses throughout the myocardium (precursor to heart muscle contraction)
Electrical Pathways
SA (Sinoatrial) Node: pacemaker
o initiating rhythmic impulss t 60-100 impulses/minute
AV (Atrioventricular) Node :
o receives impulses from the SA node, relays them to the ventricles
Bundle of His:
o conducts impulses from the AV node (RBB & LBB)
o RBB and LBB terminate in the Purkinje fibers
Purkinje Fibers:
o propagate electrical impulses into the endocardium and myocardium
Electrical Impulse Activity
Phases of the electrocardiogram
Normal Sinus Rhythm
2. Page 2 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
f. Coronary Arteries
- supply the heart with blood
- Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to the right heart wall
- Left Main Coronary Artery supplies blood to the left heart
2. The Vasculature
a. The Circulatory System
- Pulmonary Circulation
low pressure
low resistance
right side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation
- Systemic Circulation
high pressure
high resistance
left side of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation
b. Blood Vessels
- classified according to size, location and function
1. Arteries
large diameter, thick-walled vessels
carry blood away from the heart
2. Arterioles
small, thick-walled vessels
represent the major part of vascular resistance
resistance vessels serve as "circulatory stopcocks"
control the distribution of blood to various organs.
3. Capillaries
extremely small, extremely thin-walled vessels (one cell thick)
allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and other small molecules between the blood stream and
tissues
in capillary hydrostatic pressure/permeability can lead to edema.
4. Venules
small thin-walled vessels
bring blood back to the heart
highly distensible and contain a large fraction of the blood volume
5. Veins
large diameter thin-walled vessels
bring blood back to heart
Distensible and contain a large fraction of the blood volume.
3. Page 3 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
B. Functions of the Cardiovascular Sytem
1. Heart
a. Cardiac Output
volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute (SV x HR)
Stroke Volume : amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each heart beat
Heart Rate : number of heartbeats per minute (60-100)
b. Cardiac Cycle
each complete heartbeat
Systole : contraction phase
Diastole : relaxation (filling phase)
c. Heart Sounds
results from vibrations caused by valve closure and ventricular filling
1st
Sound S1, tricuspid and mitral valve closure
2nd
Sound S2, aortic and pulmonic valve closure
3rd
Sound S3, Ventricular Gallop
Normal below 30 y/o, Pathologic in older (rapid diastole)
4th
Sound S4, Atrial Gallop
Resistance to diastole due to hypertrophy or injury of ventricular wall
4. Page 4 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
2. Vasculature
- responsible for distributing blood to various tissues of the body.
3. Neurologic Factors Regulating Heart Function
a. Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation (norepinephrine)
arteriolar vasoconstriction
HR
+inotropic f/x
b. Parasympathetic Nervous System (acetylcholine)
HR
slowed AV conduction
c. Chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies)
O2/CO2 = HR
d. Baroreceptors (aortic arch, carotid sinus, vena cava, PA, atria)
HR = BP changes
C. Assessment
1. Health History
a. Chief Complaint
Myocardial Ischemia/Infarction
Pain (sterna, upper abdomen)
belt-squeezing, radiating to shoulders, neck, arms
Arrythmias/Ischemia
Palpitations
rapid & irregular/pounding heartbeat
Peripheral Vascular Diseasse
Intermittent claudication (extremity pain with exercise)
Compromised Cardiac Function
Dyspnea (DOB, SOB)
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Decreased CO2
Fatigue (with or without activity)
Sudden Decrease in CO2
Syncope (with or without dizziness)
5. Page 5 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
Decreased Peripheral Perfusion
Diaphoresis with clamminess and cyanosis
Heart Failure
Edema/Weight gain greater than 3lb in 24 hours
b. History for Risk Factors
Non-Modifiable
- Age, incidence post 40 y/o
- Gender, greater in men but not after menopause
- Race, mortality greater for nonwhites
- + Family history of Cardiovascular Disease
- other illness (diabetic)
Minor Factors
- Personality type
- Sedentary living
- Stress (may contribute to the dev’t of coronary heart disease)
- Oral Contraceptive Use
Modifiable
- Smoking (2-4x greater risk to CardioVD)
- High calorie, fat, cholesterol, sugar and sodium diet
- High serum lipids (Hyperlipidemia), best indicator is HDL:LDL
- Hypertension (esp. elevated systolic pressure)
- Obesity, contributes to severity of other factors
- Sedentary Lifestyle
2. Physical Assessment
a. Vital Signs - PR, CR, BP, RR
b. Inspection
distress, anxiety, altered LOC
skin color (pallor, cyanosis) , buccal, peripheral
neck vein distention - reflects right atrial pressure (Jugular Vein Pressure, JVD)
respirations (dyspnea, orthopnea)
presence of edema - fluid volume overload
nail clubbing - sign of chronic hypoxia
capillary filling - measure of peripheral circulation (less than 3 secs.)
venous stasis or arterial ulcers , check sacrum for those on bedrest
varicose veins
c. Palpation
PMI (Located at 5th intercostal space, Left MCL)
if too low indicates enlarged heart
Thrills (palpable murmur) thrusts/heaves
Peripheral pulses (carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalispedis, anterior tibial)
check all bilateral and compare
Grade 0:no puls
1+:weak 2+:normal 3+:increased 4+:bounding
temperature - check bilateral
d. Auscultation
heart rate
rhythm
heart sounds S1 (lub) and S2 (dub)
murmurs
swishing sounds in-between heart sounds (Lub-swish-Dub)
pericardial friction rub
rough, grating sound from inflamed pericardial sac
Bruit, murmur heard outside of the heart
(carotid, jugular, temporal, abdominal, aortic, renal and femoral arteries)
take B/P in both arms, lying, sitting and standing
e. Pulse Assessment
note whether regular or irregular
6. Page 6 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
Regular
o evenly spaced, may vary slightly with respiration
Regularly Irregular
o regular pattern overall with "skipped" beats
Irregularly Irregular
o chaotic, no real pattern, very difficult to measure rate accurately
Tachycardia
o pulse greater than 100 beats/minute
Bradychardia
o pulse less than 60 beats/minute.
∞ Tachycardia and bradycardia are not necessarily abnormal.
∞ Athletes tend to be bradycardic at rest. Tachycardia is a normal response to stress or exercise.
f. BP Assessment
inflate the cuff to 30 mmHg above the estimated systolic pressure, release slowly.
don’t use too small a cuff. The pressure will be 10, 20, even 50 mmHg too high
Maximum Cuff Pressure - When the baseline is known or hypertension is not suspected, it is
acceptable in adults to inflate to 200 mmHg
be aware that there could be an ausculatory gap (a silent interval between the true systolic and
diastolic pressures).
g. Perform Respiratory Assessment
- cough, crackles, wheezing, hemoptysis, cheyne-stokes respiration
h. perform Abdominal Assessment
- note liver enlargement /ascites, bladder distention, bruits just above the umbilicus
3. Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
a. WBC count
b. Lipid Profile cholesterol:LDL, HDL, trigylcerides
c. Cardiac Enzymes (creatinine phosphokinase, troponin, lactate dehdrogenase)
d. Blood Coagulation prothrombin, partial thromboplasitn
e. Chest radiograph heart size
f. ECG heart’s electrical activity
g. HolterMontoring 24-hour ECG
h. Exercise ECG ECG with physical stress
i. Echocardiography cardiac (valvular) structures and fuction
j. Radionuclide Testing ventricular function, myocardial bloodflow
k. Cardiac Catheterization chamber pressures and O2 saturation
l. Arteriography coronary arteries (visualization)
m. Ventriculography ventricles (visualization)
n. Central Venous Pressure filling pressure of right ventricle, cardiac function
o. Pulmonary Artery Pressure left heart pressures
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure
p. Arterial Line peripheral arterial pressures
7. Page 7 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
D. Health Promotion
1. Modifying Risk Factors
2. Preventing Venous Stasis
a. Leg Exercises
- for those with impaired mobility (bed-ridden)
- contraction of muscles promote blood back to the heart
b. Application of Antiembolism Stockings
- provide varying degrees of compression on different areas of the leg
- exert external pressure decreasing venous blood from pooling in the extremities
- MUST fit properly, and be applied in the morning before client has gotten out of bed
c. Use of Pneumatic Compression Devices (intermittent or sequential)
d. Avoiding Constriction
- garters, socks with elastic bands, orthopedic casts, leg-crossing
3. Edema Reduction
a. Elevation of Limbs-no pressure on points
b. Diet Teaching-restrict fat consumption ( 30% of daily caloric intake), limit salt intake
c. Fluid Restriction-until balance is restored, monitor I&O
fluid retention=If greater than 2L
wt gain > 1kg/day
4. Positioning
- lying flat promotes venous return
(heart works harder in the supine than in the upright position)
- gravity enhances arterial flow
- hyotensive: elevate legs 20 to 30 degrees
5. Pain Management
a. Chest Pain
stop all activity, rest, sit comfortably, avoid lying flat, administer O2, nitroglycerine SL,
assess BP & PR
b. Claudication, Peripheral Ischemic Pain
not life-threatening but crippling; avoid cold, cigarette smoking
6. Increased Activity & Energy Conservation
gradual and progressive
refrain using the Valsalva maneuver
have constant rest periods
space activities
7. Client Teaching
recognition of warning signs:
perfusion
promotion of blood flow & skin integrity
avoidance of fatigue
8. Page 8 of 8
Ms. April Anne D. BalanonGreywolfRed
PRELIMS
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular System
HANDOUT 1 OXYGENATION:
8. Medications
explain tx regimen to client and SO, provide written information
9. CPR
E. Nursing Diagnoses
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
inadequate blood pumped by the heart to meet metabolic demands of the body (active or high risk)
2. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (Renal, Cerebral, Cardiopulmonary, Gastrointestinal, Peripheral)
decrease in oxygen resulting in failure to nourish the tissues at the capillary level
3. Activity Intolerance
insufficient physiologic or psychological energy to endure or complete required or desired daily activity
F. Overview of Cardiovascular Alterations
1. Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmia)
any sinus rhythm deviating from normal
2. Coronary Artery Disease
focal narrowing of large and medium-sized coronary arteries due to plaque formation
3. Myocardial Infarction
destruction of myocardial tissue in heart regions abruptly deprived of blood supply
(due to coronary blood flow)
4. Heart Failure (left sided or left ventricular & right-sided or right ventricular
syndrome of pulmonary or systemic circulatory congestion
caused by myocardial contractility ( CO2 to meet oxygen requirements of tissues
5. Acute Pulmonary Edema
rapid fluid accumulation in the extravascular lung spaces (alveoli and interstitial)
6. Cardiac Arrest
sudden, unexpected cessation of the heart’s pumping action and effecting circulation
7. Endocarditis
infection of the endocarium or heart valves due to bacteria/organsminvation
(acute, subacute, chronic)
8. Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium (acute, chronic)
9. Pacemaker Implantation
temporary or permanent electronic device to replace function of SA node
pacer is in direct contact of the heart muscle wall, battery operated
10. Hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood during a short period
(internal, external, arterial, venous, capillary)
11. Valvular Disorders of the Heart
stenosis (narrowing of the valve opening)
regurgitation/insufficiency (failure of valve to close completely)