It includes a comprehensive description of circulatory system, its structure function and types.
It also includes diagrammatic representation of various parts circuits and working of human circulation.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
B. Pharm SEM -I; Unit V- Cardiovascular system. Heart – anatomy of heart, blood circulation, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its
regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of
blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Similar to Circulatory system of human being its structure function types and comparison of open and closed circulatory system
B. Pharm SEM -I; Unit V- Cardiovascular system. Heart – anatomy of heart, blood circulation, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its
regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of
blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Internal Transport Systems
All animals must keep their cells supplied with
nutrients and oxygen, and all must get rid of
cellular wastes.
Some invertebrates, including flatworms, rely
on diffusion alone.
Diffusion only works over short distances to
move materials quickly.
3. Internal Transport Systems
A circulatory system is an organ system that
speeds the distribution of materials within an
animal body.
It includes one or more hearts (muscular
pumps) that propel blood (the circulatory
fluid) through vessels that extend through the
body.
4. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A heart or hearts pump blood into large
vessels that empty into spaces around body
tissues.
The blood of an open circulatory system mixes
with the interstitial fluid and makes direct
exchanges with cells before it gets drawn back
into the heart.
6. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A heart or hearts pump blood through a
continuous series of vessels.
Distributes substances faster than an open
one.
“Closed” because blood does not flow out of
blood vessels to bathe the tissues.
Diffusion across the smallest-diameter blood
vessels, the capillaries.
9. THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Humans have a four-
chambered heart that
pumps blood through
two circuits.
In each circuit, the
heart pumps blood out
of a ventricle and into
branching arteries.
14. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
The heart lies in the thoracic cavity,
beneath the breastbone and between
the lungs.
It is protected and anchored by
pericardium, a sac of connective tissue.
Fluid between the sac’s two layers
provides lubrication for the heart’s
continual motions.
A layer of fat offers additional
protection.
The heart’s wall consists mostly of
cardiac muscle cells, and its chambers
and blood vessels are lined with
endothelium.
15. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Each side of the human heart has two
chambers: An atrium receives blood from
veins, and a ventricle pumps blood into
arteries.
Pressure-sensitive valves function like one-
way doors to control the flow of blood
through the heart.
High fluid pressure forces a valve open.
16. FLOW TO, THROUGH, AND FROM THE HEART
Two big veins deliver oxygen-poor blood from
the body to the right atrium.
Superior vena cava delivers blood from the
upper regions of the body.
Inferior vena cava delivers blood from lower
regions.
17. FLOW TO, THROUGH, AND FROM THE HEART
Blood from the right atrium flows through the
right atrioventricular (AV) valve into the right
ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps it through the
pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary
trunk, a vessel that branches into two
pulmonary arteries.
Each pulmonary artery carries blood to a lung.
18. FLOW TO, THROUGH, AND FROM THE HEART
After passing through the lung, the now-
oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium
via pulmonary veins.
The blood then flows through the left
atrioventricular (AV) valve into the left
ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps the blood through
the aortic valve into the aorta, and from there
it flows to tissues of the body.
19.
20. THE CARDIAC CYCLE
The events that occur from the onset of one
heartbeat to another are collectively called
the cardiac cycle.
During this cycle, the heart’s chambers
alternate through diastole (relaxation) and
systole (contraction).
22. THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Atria have relatively thin walls.
Ventricle walls are more thickly muscled.
The left ventricle, which pumps blood
throughout the long systemic circuit, has
thicker walls than the right ventricle, which
pumps blood only to the lungs and back.
23. BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure is pressure exerted by
blood against the wall of the vessel that
encloses it.
Blood pressure is highest in arteries,
and declines as blood flows through the
circuit, being lowest in veins.
24. BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic pressure, the
highest pressure of a
cardiac cycle, occurs as
contracting ventricles
force blood into the
arteries.
Diastolic pressure, the
lowest blood pressure
of a cardiac cycle,
occurs when ventricles
are relaxed.
26. RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMIAS
Electrocardiograms, or ECGs, record the
electrical activity of a beating heart.
Malfunction of the SA node causes
arrhythmias.
Sinoatrial (SA) node: Cardiac pacemaker;
group of heart cells that spontaneously emits
rhythmic signals that cause contraction.
27. RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMIAS
Bradycardia is a below-average resting cardiac
rate.
Implanting an artificial pacemaker can speed
the heart rate if it falls to the point where slow
flow impairs health.
28. RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMIAS
Tachycardia is a faster than normal heart rate.
Many people experience palpitations, or
occasional episodes of tachycardia.
Palpitations can be brought on by stress, drugs
such as caffeine, an overactive thyroid, or an
underlying heart problem.
29. RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMIAS
Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia in which the
atria do not contract normally, but instead quiver.
This slows blood flow and increases the risk of
clot formation.
People with atrial fibrillation are often given
anticlotting medication to lower their risk of
stroke.
A stroke is an interruption of blood flow that kills
brain cells. Most strokes arise when a clot blocks
a blood vessel in the brain.
30. RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMIAS
Ventricular fibrillation is an even more
dangerous arrhythmia.
Ventricles quiver, and pumping falters or
stops, causing loss of consciousness and—if a
normal rhythm is not restored—death.
A defibrillator often can restore the heart’s
normal rhythm by resetting the SA node.
32. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
In atherosclerosis, buildup of lipids in the arterial wall
narrows the lumen, or space inside the vessel.
Cholesterol plays a role in this “hardening of the
arteries.”
The human body requires cholesterol to make cell
membranes, myelin sheaths, bile salts, and steroid
hormones.
The liver makes enough cholesterol to meet these
needs, but more is absorbed from food in the gut.
Genetics affects how different people’s bodies deal
with an excess of dietary cholesterol.
33. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
Low-density lipoproteins, or LDLs
High-density lipoproteins, or HDLs
34. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
When the LDL level in blood rises, so does the
risk of atherosclerosis.
A buildup of lipids in an artery’s endothelial
lining.
Fibrous connective tissue proliferates in the
affected area.
Eventually, a mass, called an atherosclerotic
plaque, bulges into the vessel’s interior,
narrowing its diameter and slowing blood flow.
A hardened plaque can abrade an artery wall,
thereby triggering clot formation.
36. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
With heart disease, atherosclerosis affects vessels
that supply blood to heart muscle.
A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is
completely blocked, most commonly by a clot.
If the blockage is not removed fast, cardiac
muscle cells die.
Clot-dissolving drugs can restore blood flow if
they are given within an hour of the onset of an
attack.
37. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
In coronary bypass
surgery, doctors open
a person’s chest and
use a blood vessel
from elsewhere in the
body (usually a leg
vein) to divert blood
around the clogged
coronary artery.
38. ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND HEART DISEASE
In laser angioplasty,
laser beams vaporize
plaques.
In balloon angioplasty,
doctors inflate a small
balloon in a blocked
artery to flatten the
plaques. A wire mesh
tube called a stent is
then inserted to keep
the vessel open.
39.
40. And Then My Heart Stood Still
Heart is the body’s most durable muscle.
An electrical signal generated by a natural
pacemaker in the heart wall sets each
heartbeat in motion.
41. And Then My Heart Stood Still
Cardiac arrest: natural pacemaker
malfunctions, electrical signaling is
disrupted, the heart stops beating, and
blood flow halts.
An inborn heart defect causes most
cardiac arrests in people under age 35. In
older people, heart disease usually causes
the heart to stop functioning.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) –
keeps a victim’s blood moving.
The chance of surviving sudden cardiac
arrest rises by 50 percent when CPR is
started within four to six minutes of the
arrest.
42. And Then My
Heart Stood Still
CPR cannot restart the
heart.
Defibrillator, a device
with paddles that
deliver an electric shock
to the chest and reset
the natural pacemaker.
Automated external
defibrillator (AED) -
checks for a heartbeat
and, if required, shocks
the heart.
43. RISK FACTORS
Tobacco smoking
Family history of such disorders, hypertension, a
high cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus, and
obesity
Physical inactivity
Gender and age also play a role:
Until about age fifty, males are at greater risk.
In both sexes, the risk of cardiovascular
disorders increases with age.