Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma contains water, proteins, hormones, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste. The three major formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. Anemia is a reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin levels, which can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Common symptoms of anemia include paleness, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and changes in heart rate.

1. BLOOD - COMPOSITION AND
FUNCTIONS

2. Blood
•Blood is a connective tissue in
fluid form
•considered as “fluid of life”
Because it carries oxygen from
lungs to all parts of the Body &
carBon-di-oxide vice versa
•Known as “fluid of growth”
Because it carries nutritive
suBstances from the digestive

3. •
Blood is also called “fluid of
health” Because it protects
the Body against the
diseases.

4. Physical properties of blood
•
Color - red
•
Volume - Avg. 5L
•
pH – 7.4
(slightly alkaline)
•
Specific gravity- 1.052-
1.061

5. Blood compositons
Liquid Solid (formed element )

6. Composition of Plasma

Solids - Organic substances & Inorganic Substances
•
Organic substances - 1.Plasma proteins
2.Amino acids
3.Carbohydrates
4.Fats
5.Hormones & Enzymes
6.Antibodies
•
Inorganic substances- Sodium , calcium ,
potassium , Iron , phosphate etc

7. Plasma proteins
Proteins found in blood plasma
•
Plasma proteins are :

Serum albumin

Serum globulin

Fibrinogen

8. Properties of plasma
proteins
•
Total porteins-7.3g/dl
•
Serum albumin-
4.5g/dl
•
Serum globulin-
2.3g/dl
•
Fibrinogen-0.3g/dl
Molecular weight
•
Albumin-69,000
•
Globin-15,6,000
•
Fibrinogen-
4,00,000

9. Origin of Plasma Proteins

In embryonic stage the
plasma proteins are
synthesized by the
mesenchymous cells

The albumin is
synthesized first and
then other proteins
are synthesized later

In adults the plasma proteins
are synthesized mainly from
reticulo-endothelial cells of
liver

The plasma proteins are
synthesized also from spleen
, bone marrow ,
disintegrating blood cells and
general tissues cells

Gamma globulin is
origin of plasma protiens

10. Functions oF plasma proteins
Role in coagulation of blood
Role in defense mechanism of body

11.  Role in transport mechanism
 role in maintenance of osmotic
pressure in the blood
Role in regulation of acid base
balance

12.  Role in viscosity of blood
 Role in erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)
Role in suspension stability of
red blood cells

13. Formed elements
•
Blood contains blood cells which are
called formed elements
•
Three types of cells are present in the
blood

Red blood cells or erythrocytes

White blood cells or leukocytes

Platelets or thrombocytes

14. red blood cells
Red blood cells are the non-nucleated
formed element in the blood
Red blood cells are also known
as erythrocytes
Red color of the red blood cells is due to
the presence of
the coloring pigment called hemoglobin
RBC are larger in no as compared to
other blood cells

15. normal value
RBC count ranges
between 4 and 5.5
million/cu mm of blood
Adult male – 5
million/cu mm
Adult female – 4.5
million/cu mm

16. morphology oF
red blood
cells
Shape and diameter of RBC
Shape – Disc shaped &
biconcave.
Central position is
thinner & periphery is
thicker
Diameter – 7.2U
Thickness – At the
periphery it is thicker.
The difference is because
of biconcave shape
Surface area - 120 sq.

17. erouleaux Formation
When the blood is
taken out
of the blood vessels ,
the RBCs pile up one
above another like
the pile of coins
This property of RBC
is called rouleaux
formation

18. liFe span oF rbc
 Average life span of RBC is about 120
days
After the lifetime the old RBCs are
destroyed in Reticulo-endothelial system

19. Increase =
pOlycythemIa Decrease= anemIa
VarIatIOn In rBc cOunt

21. IntrODuctIOn Of anemIa
•
Anemia is a reduction in the number of RBCs, the
quantity of hemoglobin, or the volume of RBCs
•
Because the main function of RBCs is oxygenation,
anemia results in varying degrees of hypoxia

22. Anemia
•
Classification of anemia
Morphological classification Etiological
classification

23. Anemia
Morphological anemia
1 . Normocyrtic normochromic anemia
Size and colour of RBC are normal but number are
less
2. Macrocytic normochromic anemia
RBC are larger in size with normal colour . Rbc count
is less

24. Anemia
3. Macrocytic hypochromic anemia
RBC are larger in size MCHC is less ,so the cells are
pale
4 . Microcytic hypochromic anemia
RBC are smaller in size with less colour

25. Anemia
•
Etiological classification
Study of cause or origin they are divided
into five types
1. Hemorrahagic anemia
2. Hemolytic anemia
3. Nutrition deficiency anemia
4. Aplastic anemia
5. Anemia of chonic disesses

26. SYMPTOMS
ANEMIA

27. EYES
YELLOWING

28. SKIN
paleness, coldness, yellowing

29. Anemia - symptoms
•
Muscular- weakness
•
Intestinal – changed stool color
•
Central – fatigue , dizziness , fainting
•
Blood vessels – low blood pressure
•
Heart- palpitations , rapid heart rate , chest pain
, angina , heart attack
•
Spleen – enlargement

31. RefeRences
Essentials of Medical
Physiology- K Sembulingam
Wikipedia.org
Guyton & Hall Textbook of
Physiology
Textbook of Physiology-
A.K.Jain
Ganong’s review of Medical
Physiology

32. Presented by-
 Almas Naqvi
 Vaishali Pandya