The document discusses the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil by transitioning to more sustainable energy sources and bio-friendly fuels. It notes that this transition will be an ongoing process that requires new technology and is expensive. Sustainable energy sources mentioned include hydroelectricity, geothermal, solar, wind and tidal power. Biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen are highlighted as high-benefit renewable options. Electric vehicles, hybrids and alternative fuels like natural gas are presented as promising technologies but also have challenges and limitations.

3.  To reduce the amount of Global Greenhouse Gases
 CO2
 To reduce our dependence on foreign oil supplies
 By lowering our use of petro-fuels
 To increase our Sustainability level
 Use of more Bio-friendly fuels

4.  We are taking the first steps
 This is NOT going to resolve itself overnight
 It is going to be expensive
 Much of the technology needed does not yet exist!

7. CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

9. CO – Carbon Monoxide

10. Nox – Nitrous Oxides

11. SO2 – Sulfur Dioxide

12. HC – Hydro-Carbons

13. VOC – Volatile Organic Compounds

14. PM – Particulate Matter

15. Lead – Many different compounds

16. CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
CO – Carbon Monoxide
Nox – Nitrous Oxides
HC – Hydro-Carbons
PM – Particulate Matter

22.  Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of
energy that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs (long-term availability).
 Hydroelectricity
 Geothermal
 Solar
 Wind
 Tidal

23.  is a subset of renewable energy and represents those
renewable energy resources and technologies that
provide the highest environmental benefit.
 Biofuels
Ethanol
Biodiesel
 Hydrogen
Fuel Cell
 Climate Change
 GHG-CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC’s, HFC’s, PFC’s, SF6

24.  Better for the environment
 Emissions
But what about electric vehicles?
 Trendy
 First Adopters
 Hollywood stars
 Convenient
 Have Alternative Fuel at home, ranch
 Petro fuel located too far away
 Only do short trip driving

25.  NG
 Natural Gas
 CNG
 Compressed Natural Gas
 LNG
 Liquefied Natural Gas
 Propane
 Biomass
 Ethanol
 Methanol
 Biodiesel
 EV’s and Hybrids
 Hydrogen Fuel Cells

26. For this class, AFV means
Alternative Fueled Vehicles, NOT:
America’s Funniest Videos!!!

27.  Engine wear and cleanliness much better
with certain fuels
 Most have much less GHG impact
 May help obtain energy future
independence
 Lower emissions
 Lower fuel costs
 Renewable/sustainable

28.  Generally less driving range
 Fuel storage takes up space in vehicle
 Lack of infrastructure to support fueling
 Technician training not widespread
 Dual-fuel systems more complex
 Higher initial costs
 Few OEM models
 Outlook uncertain
Can it survive without subsidy?

29.  Found deep underground, and in coal beds
 “Landfill gas”: renewable
 Methane hydrate:
 CH4 trapped in ice beneath ocean floor
 Worldwide est. 104 gigatons, not all recoverable

30.  19th century street-lighting US cities
 Limited number, used cast-iron pipes
 US early 20th century
 First interstate pipelines
 Mid 20th century and WWII
 Strategic national crude pipeline network, later used as natural
gas pipeline
 Pre-1940’s, unwanted by-product of oil drilling-often flared off
 Limited vehicle fuel use during WWII with higher gasoline prices

31.  Very safe-ignition temperature: >1000oF
 Very high octane rating: 115+
 Energy: ~20,500 Btu/lb.
 Methane is a GHG
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) stored under pressure (3600psi)
 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) cryogenically stored (-260oF)

32.  High pressure onboard tank-3600psi
 Requires heavy/bulky tanks
 Lighter composite tanks are expensive
 Less energy per volume than liquid fuel
 Limited range and/or payload

33.  Extremely low temperature
 -260oF (-162oC). 1/600 the volume of gas
 Pressure equal to or close to atmospheric
 Requires special cryogenic “Dewars” (~72 hrs.)
 Not suitable for vehicle fuel in general
 Shipped via truck where pipeline not available

34.  LPG first distilled from gasoline in 1910
 Common for heating/cooking in rural areas
 World Propane use ~270 million metric tons 2012
 One of the simplest hydrocarbons
 Non-toxic, odorless and non-caustic
 Spill/leak will not cause environmental hazards
 Lower CO2 emissions, not a Green House Gas
 Octane rating 104-112

35.  Ethanol = Grain Alcohol CH3CH2OH
 Biomass sources are corn, sugar cane, etc.
 By bacterial fermentation
 Cellulosic sources are Switch grass, etc.
 Blends easily with gasoline
 Lower blend = Oxygenate
 Higher blend = E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicle (2003)

36.  Methanol = Wood Alcohol CH3OH
 Can be derived from:
 Coal, natural gas, algae, biomass, etc.
 Similar to Ethanol, used as racing fuel
 Highly poisonous
 Corrosive to some metals, rubber, and polymers
 MTBE – Methanol oxygenate-big environmental problems!

37.  Low-level blends usable in any gasoline vehicle
 Many FFV models available at little or no extra cost
 Biodegradable and less toxic than gasoline
 Cost of fueling stations (new/upgrade) is reasonable
 Renewable, domestic
 Cellulosic ethanol has great potential to reduce GHG

38.  Corrosive to certain materials
 Water absorption (& phase separation)
 Higher blends may have cold start issues
 Less range due to less heat content per volume
 Costs more than gasoline

39.  Biodiesel – Rudolf Diesel used Peanut Oil in 1893
 Feedstock: vegetable oil, animal fat, fatty algae
 Petrodiesel would become affordable, then
dominant!
 Rising oil prices and environmental concerns have
led to reintroduction of biodiesel as alternative fuel
 Modern biodiesel is different from raw vegetable oil
 Biofuels have potential to replace >10 billion
gallons of petroleum in US by 2030

44.  Domestic, Renewable
 Reduces CO2 emissions
 Little or no engine/fuel
system modification
required
 Tested to ASTM spec
 B5 part of standard diesel
fuel pool
 More OEM’s ok up to B20
 Produces fewer
harmful emissions
(CO2, HC’s, PM)
 New-design engines
meet CARB
standards
 Less environmental
spill damage vs.
petrodiesel

45.  Higher cost vs.
Petrodiesel (Jan 2012)
 Diesel #2.87
 B20 $2.96
 B99-100 $3.59
 Production is limited by
feedstock supply!
 Shorter storage life –
6 months advised
 Cold weather issues
 May initially clog
filters
 OEM warranty may
be at risk
 Check with OEM!

46.  In the early 1900’s, EV’s completed with ICE
powered vehicles
 100 years later, EV’s are gaining public interest
 Battery power not a “fuel”, but EV’s and HEV’s are
considered AFV

47.  In the early 1900’s, EV’s completed with ICE
powered vehicles
 100 years later, EV’s are gaining public interest
 Battery power not a “fuel”, but EV’s and HEV’s are
considered AFV

48.  HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle
 ICE + Battery + Motor
 Toyota Prius, Honda Insight
 PHEV: Plug-in HEV
 HEV + External Charge
 Chevy Volt, Toyota Prius PHV
 EV: All electric Vehicle
 Battery + Motor + external charge
 Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi iMiEV

49.  Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 Low speed efficiency, less at highway speeds
 Parallel HEV
 Higher speed efficiency, less at in-town speeds
 Mild/Micro HEV
 Simple version of Parallel HEV, less power, less costs
 Series/Parallel HEV
 Efficient at both low and high speeds, more complex and expensive
 Plug-in HEV
 Range extended ICE, similar to HEV
 EV-Electric Vehicle
 Classic Battery/Motor, zero emissions, limited range

50.  Electric Motor Types
 Induction motor
Relatively mature
 Permanent Magnet
 Switched Reluctance motors
 Many other types…

51.  Battery Types
 Lithium-ion
 Li-ion light weight, high energy density power source
 Nickel-Metal Hydride
 Ni-MH all-electric plug-in vehicles
 Lead-acid
 Very low energy to weight ratio, invented in 1859
 Lithium-Polymer
 LiPO batteries may also power the next generation of
battery electric vehicles
 Ultracapacitor
 Particularly suitable for regenerative braking
applications, possible future replacement for EV and
Plug-in HEV batteries

53.  HEV
 Can greatly improve fuel
economy in Stop-go
conditions
 Hybrid technology can be
combined with
alternatively-fueled ICE’s
 Many more models will be
offered with a range of
hybrid technologies
 EV
 Niche market now, limited
range, cost, charging
 As battery + charging
technologies/access improve,
so will EV range + acceptance
 ZEV – not zero emissions
 “Well-to-wheel” analysis
 Source of power dirty or
clean?
 Line loss and heat issues
 Securing, expanding clean
power is a daunting,
expensive challenge

55. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave

56. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment

57. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment

58. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel

59. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9676 fuel

60. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9676 fuel
$6000/60 = $100/mo. for fuel

61. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9676 fuel
$6000/60 = $100/mo. for fuel
$9676/60 = $161/mo. for fuel

62. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9676 fuel
$6000/60 = $100/mo. for fuel
$9676/60 = $161/mo. for fuel
$350 + $100 = $450/month

63. Prius C
53C/46H/50Ave
Corolla
27C/34H/31Ave
$19,080 x 1.1 = $20,988/60 = $350/mo. payment
$16,230 x 1.1 = $17,853/60 = $298 mo. payment
75,000/50 mpg = 1500 gals x $4.00 = $6000 fuel
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9676 fuel
$6000/60 = $100/mo. for fuel
$9676/60 = $161/mo. for fuel
$350 + $100 = $450/month
$298 + $161 = $459/month

65. Prius C $108 a year

74. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave

75. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment

76. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment

77. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel

78. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel
75,000/30 mpg = 2500 gals x $4.00 = $10,000 fuel

79. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel
75,000/30 mpg = 2500 gals x $4.00 = $10,000 fuel
$7317/60 = $122/mo. for fuel

80. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel
75,000/30 mpg = 2500 gals x $4.00 = $10,000 fuel
$7317/60 = $122/mo. for fuel
$10,000/60 = $166/mo. for fuel

81. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel
75,000/30 mpg = 2500 gals x $4.00 = $10,000 fuel
$7317/60 = $122/mo. for fuel
$10,000/60 = $166/mo. for fuel
$479 + $122 = $601/month

82. Camry Hybrid
43C/39H/41Ave
Camry LE
25C/35H/30Ave
$26,140 x 1.1 = $28,754/60 = $479/mo. payment
$22,680 x 1.1 = $24,948/60 = $416 mo. payment
75,000/41 mpg = 1829 gals x $4.00 = $7317 fuel
75,000/30 mpg = 2500 gals x $4.00 = $10,000 fuel
$7317/60 = $122/mo. for fuel
$10,000/60 = $166/mo. for fuel
$479 + $122 = $601/month
$416 + $166 = $582/month

84. Camry LE $228 a year
1710 miles free a year

93. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave

94. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment

95. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment

96. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment
All Electric – No fuel used

97. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment
75,000/29 mpg = 2586 gals x $4.00 = $10,345 fuel
All Electric – No fuel used

98. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment
75,000/29 mpg = 2586 gals x $4.00 = $10,345 fuel
$10,345/60 = $172/mo. for fuel
All Electric – No fuel used

99. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment
75,000/29 mpg = 2586 gals x $4.00 = $10,345 fuel
$10,345/60 = $172/mo. for fuel
$513/month
All Electric – No fuel used

100. Nissan Leaf
130C/106H MPGe
Nissan Versa
26C/32H/29Ave
$28,000 x 1.1 = $30,800/60 = $513/mo. payment
$14,670 x 1.1 = $16,137/60 = $268 mo. payment
75,000/29 mpg = 2586 gals x $4.00 = $10,345 fuel
$10,345/60 = $172/mo. for fuel
$268 + $172 = $440/month
$513/month
All Electric – No fuel used

102. Nissan Versa $73/month
6351 miles free a year

113. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave

114. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment

115. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment

116. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel

117. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9,677 fuel
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel

118. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9,677 fuel
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel
$8,108/60 = $135/mo. for fuel

119. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9,677 fuel
$9,677/60 = $161/mo. for fuel
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel
$8,108/60 = $135/mo. for fuel

120. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9,677 fuel
$9,677/60 = $161/mo. for fuel
$718 + $135 = $853/month
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel
$8,108/60 = $135/mo. for fuel

121. Chevy Volt
35C/40H/37Ave
Chevy Cruze
36C/25H/31Ave
$39,145 x 1.1 = $43,060/60 = $718/mo. payment
$17,130 x 1.1 = $18,843/60 = $314 mo. payment
75,000/31 mpg = 2419 gals x $4.00 = $9,677 fuel
$9,677/60 = $161/mo. for fuel
$314 + $161 = $475/month
$718 + $135 = $853/month
75,000/37 mpg = 2027 gals x $4.00 = $8,108 fuel
$8,108/60 = $135/mo. for fuel

123. Chevy Cruze $378/month
35,154 miles free a year

152. Very special thanks to:
For information content used
William (Bill) S. Gaines, Chairman of the Board, Transfer Flow, Inc.
Dr. Daisuke Aoyagi, PhD, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering