Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
This presentation is regarding alternate fuels and their future scope, for I.C. Engine and with that we try to achieve as low as possible gas emission, this presentation give brief introductory idea about fuels and their properties.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
This presentation is regarding alternate fuels and their future scope, for I.C. Engine and with that we try to achieve as low as possible gas emission, this presentation give brief introductory idea about fuels and their properties.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
Converting a Diesel Engine to Dual-Fuel Engine Using Natural GasABHAY TIWARI
Over the past many years, large numbers of car buyers have been opting for a petrol car with a compressed natural gas (CNG)
kit fitted by the company. The most important thing is that the petrol engines cause global warming by having a large amount
of toxic gases exhausted by the petrol cars. However, by the introduction of catalytic converters (a catalytic converter is a
vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox
reaction) we have been able to reduce the toxic emissions. Use of Catalytic converters in internal combustion engines fuelled
by either petrol or diesel, which reduces pollutants such as CO to a much less harmful gas, such as CO2. Because of this, a
catalyst car also consumes slightly more fuel, thus reducing its performance. However, by having these improvements, petrol
engine cars with catalysts still exhaust more CO and HC than cars with diesel engine, and by using a CNG kit there is are other
problem such as starting problems and jerks. Therefore, CNG kit is not as useful as it is expected to be. An alternative to this is
a diesel engine (dual fuel engine). However, a question arises that, Why Should one Choose a Diesel Powered dual fuel Engine
over other. So the answer is Diesel fuel contains more energy per litre than petrol. Thus, making more efficient than petrol
engine car. Diesel fuel contains no emissions of the regulated pollutants like (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides) which are quite less than those from petrol cars without a catalyst. Therefore, diesel engines are attracting greater
attention due to higher efficiency and cost effectiveness. Now, the main objective of this paper is to convert a diesel engine into
duel fuel engine with compressed natural gas, which will overcome the problem of cost and global warming. This paper
presents a dual fuel system for diesel-natural gas operation for a diesel engine, and analysis of the operating characteristics of
the engine.
Why alcohols will replace gasoline and diesel fuel to be the fuels of the fut...SolarClean Fuels, LLC
Gasoline is not only expensive, it is harmful to you health. We review the effects of lead, and MTBE additives that were in gasoline. Both harmful to your health. Currently, gasoline, now called reformulated gasoline, contains 1 percent benzene. Chronic exposure to relatively low levels of benzene significantly increases your chances of getting leukemia.Your exposure comes in three ways: when you are filling up, through the build up of emissions from engine combustion, and through the additional emissions created by the three-way catalytic converter.
We show the way to get off gasoline and diesel. The answer, the only answer, is to run our cars on alcohols. Don't get hung up on the corn ethanol/food/water issues. It only one of a number of possible alcohol choices, and ethanol can be made in other ways -- as we discuss. But the real answer is to use methanol with some ethanol. The majority of methanol will initially be made from natural gas, and then we will move to organic wastes, and then to farm grown algae. We are the Saudi Arabia of wastes. Methanol can also be made 30% more efficiently using the sun and CO2. We go over these options. You will be wealthier, healthier, independent of OPEC, and you will have more fun driving. Make you voice known.
2. Overview
Why Use Alternative Fuels?
Available Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technologies
Alternative Fuel Vehicles for Military
Applications
2
3. Alternative Fuel Vehicle
An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on
a fuel other than "traditional" petroleum fuels; and
also refers to any technology of powering an engine
that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric
car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar powered).
A converted vehicle is one that was originally designed
to operate on gasoline or diesel and has been altered
to run on an alternative fuel.
Altering vehicles to run on compressed natural gas
(CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are the two
most common types of alternative fuel vehicle
conversions.
3
4. Why Alternative Fuels?
Cost of conventional fuels.
In some cases, alternative fuels are more
environmentally friendly.
Some alternative fuels are more energy
efficient.
5. Transportation Share of
Emissions
CO
79%
NOx
53%
VOCs
44%
CO2
33%
Particulates
25%
Lead
13%
SO2
7%
Still a major contributor, despite
reductions in new vehicle emissions
achieved over the last decade
6. Alternative Fuels
Alcohol Fuels –Ethanol and Methanol
LPG
Natural Gas (CNG)
Biogas
Biodiesel
Hydrogen fuel cell
Electricity
Hybrid
Solar powered
Synthetic Fuels
6
7. Ethanol
Ethanol is also known
as ethyl alcohol. It’s
the alcohol in beer,
wine, rum, vodka, etc.
Ethanol was used to
fuel some of the first
automobiles.
7
8. Ethanol
Alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting
and distilling starch crops or cellulose
Most commonly used to increase octane and improve
the emissions quality of gasoline.
Can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend
of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
An excellent, clean-burning fuel, has a higher octane
rating (over 100) and burns cooler than gasoline.
9. Ethanol Vehicles
Low GHGs Subsidy Required
Less Reactive to be Cost
Competitive
Ford Taurus Ford Ranger Chrysler Minivan
9
10. Ethanol-based Alternative Fuel: E85
Gasoline with ethanol is still gasoline. It's not an alternative
fuel.
An increasing number of new vehicles can use E85 (15%
gasoline, 85% ethanol), which is an alternative fuel.
10
11. Methanol
Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used
as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run
on M85
The benefits include lower emissions, higher
performance, and lower risk of flammability than
gasoline
Methanol can easily be made into hydrogen for
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the future.
Methanol is extremely corrosive, requiring special
materials for delivery and storage.
13. Propane
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a
popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles because
there is already an infrastructure of pipelines, processing
facilities, and storage for its efficient distribution.
LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than gasoline.
Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas
processing and crude oil refining.
The cost of a gasoline-litre equivalent of propane is
generally less than that of gasoline.
14. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
CNG is made by compressing natural gas
(which is mainly composed of methane, to
less than 1% of the volume it occupies at
standard atmospheric pressure.
It is stored and distributed in hard
containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar
(2900–3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or
spherical shapes.
Can be used in both SI and CI engines.
14
16. CNG vs LPG
CNG LPG
More economical Higher Calorific Value
Kit more expensive Easily Available
More wear and tear on Wears out piston heads
engine with heavy loads
Safer in case of leakage- Stored at lower pressures
lighter than air Non-corrosive and free of
Does not contaminate tetra-ethyl lead or any
and dilute the crankcase additives
oil
16
17. Biogas
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or
fermentation of biodegradable materials such as
biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green
waste, plant material and energy crops.
This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and
carbon dioxide.
Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and
used to power motor vehicles.
Biogas is completely odourless and the risk of fire or
explosion is less than for other fuels.
Sweden, Denmark and Germany are the biggest users
of biogas for cars, buses and trains. 17
19. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel
that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal
fats, or recycled restaurant greases.
Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air
pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may
require certain engine modifications to avoid
maintenance and performance problems and may not
be suitable for wintertime use.
Need to heat storage tanks in colder climates to
prevent the fuel from gelling
20. Electricity
Vehicles that operate only on electricity require
no warm-up, run almost silently and have
excellent performance up to the limit of their
range.
Pure electric cars still have limited range.
Batteries have a limited storage capacity and
their electricity must be replenished by
plugging the vehicle into an electrical source.
Electric Vehicles have lower "fuel" and
maintenance costs than gasoline-powered
vehicles.
21. Electric Vehicles
Electricity is unique among the alternative fuels in that
mechanical power is derived directly from it, whereas
the other alternative fuels release stored chemical
energy through combustion to provide mechanical
power.
Batteries commonly provide electricity used to power
vehicles, but fuel cells are also being explored.
Batteries are energy storage devices, but unlike
batteries, fuel cells convert chemical energy to
electricity.
The maintenance costs for EVs is less-EVs have fewer
moving parts to service and replace.
21
28. What is a Fuel Cell?
A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device that
combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as its by-
product.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process-
two to three times more efficient than fuel
burning.
It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not
run down nor does it require recharging.
As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will
produce both energy and heat.
30. How can Fuel Cell technology be used?
Individual fuel cells can be placed in
a series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system
to power a vehicle.
Automakers and experts speculate
that a fuel cell vehicle will be
commercialized soon.
Fuel cell buses are currently in use
in North and South America,
Europe, Asia and Australia.
Trains, planes, boats, scooters,
forklifts and even bicycles are
utilizing fuel cell technology as well.
31. Main challenge-hydrogen
Fuel Cells require highly purified hydrogen as a fuel.
Need to produce hydrogen economically from a variety of resources in
environmentally friendly ways.
Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-effective hydrogen storage is
one of the biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel cell technology.
If the hydrogen is compressed and stored at room temperature under
moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank would be required.
Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank than gaseous hydrogen, but
liquefying hydrogen is complicated and not energy efficient.
Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to heat and expands significantly
when warmed by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation required
affects the weight and volume that can be stored.
If the hydrogen is compressed and cryogenically frozen it will take up a very
small amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it must be kept super-
cold (around -120 to -196 degrees Celsius).
33. What is a Hybrid Car?
A hybrid car is a vehicle that runs on not only gasoline
but a rechargeable battery.
A petrol-electric hybrid car has both an electric motor
and a gasoline motor, it also consists of a rechargeable
battery for the electric engine.
The fuel in the car is used to power the petrol engine
and the electric batteries supply power to the car’s
electric motors.
Some of the new hybrids are now converting kinetic
energy into electric energy to power than batteries.
34.
35. Features
Saving of fuel
When the car is stopped the kinetic energy
gained is stored in the battery and used later
Less exhaust therefore environment friendly
High cost
Heavy because of heavy batteries used in
these cars
Risky in accidents because of the high voltage
electric circuits
36. Solar Cars
A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar
energy obtained from solar panels on the car.
The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic
solar cells converting sunlight into electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's energy
directly into electrical energy.
Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with
efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use
silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty
percent.
36
40. Multi-mode Cars
French car company Venturi has made one of
the most publicized efforts with its unveiling of
the Eclectic model prototype at the 2006 Paris
Auto Show.
The Eclectic combines solar, wind and battery
power to run a three-passenger car specifically
for city driving.
Solar panels cover its roof, and a wind turbine
can also catch energy on windy days.
40
43. Issues - Fuels for Military Vehicles
Strategic . Implies reduced reliance on foreign energy
resources.
Operational. Requires developing efficient technologies that
can support combat capability needed for future operations
without increased fuel consumption or logistics and support
limitations.
Fiscal. Efficient energy consumption. Inability to control
increased energy costs from fuel and supporting infrastructure
diverts resources.
Environmental . Ability to conduct military operations and
activities in a manner that protects the environment while
supporting national security objectives and maintaining
operational readiness.
43
45. 4x4 hybrid electric drive vehicle with integrated stealth and survivability
features.
The diesel engine powers a 110kW permanent magnet generator that drives
four 50kW ors permanent magnetic hub motors, mounted one in each of
the Shadow's four wheel hubs.
The power generation system also includes twin Li-Ion battery packs with
total rated output of 20kW hours and a peak power output of 80kW.
In stealth mode the Shadow can be powered by battery only which provides
a significant reduction in acoustic and thermal signatures.
During rapid acceleration or maximum torque for steep gradients or to
recharge the battery pack, operated in hybrid mode using power from the
diesel engine and taking energy from or returning it to the batteries as
needed.
The elimination of the conventional mechanical drive train allows the vehicle
interior to have the same cubic storage as a HMMWV and still fit within the
V-22 envelope.
Built-in redundancy in the motor design allows the Shadow's commander
the option to continue a maneuver or return to a place of safety on a single
wheel motor. 45
46. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Modification
The U.S. Army is trying to use hydrogen fuel-cell technology on
the M1 Abrams battle tank
Fuel cells can power a significant portion of the tank’s
computing equipment, battle command technologies, sensors
and other electronic equipment.
The ultimate goal would be to figure out a way to power entire
fleets of military vehicles with fuel cells that use non-petroleum
sources.
46
48. Synthetic Fuels
Since only liquid fossil fuel can power the military's vehicles for the
foreseeable future, the US is focused on using bio-fuels such as ethanol and
biodiesel and synthetic fuels as potential replacements.
The use of biodiesel in military ground combat vehicles is doubtful due to
questions over the long-term stability of the fuel, its tendency to gel in cold
weather, and other concerns.
Synthetic fuel is generally designed to behave much like conventional fuel—
requiring little or no change in the equipment that uses it or the
infrastructure for storing and distributing it—which makes it highly desirable.
Even as syn-fuels could reduce reliance on foreign sources of oil, they are
worse for the environment. Although syn-fuels burn cleaner, emit no SO2,
and pollute much less than conventional jet fuel, yet the full conversion
process from coal to liquid creates 1.8 times more carbon than simply
refining petroleum.
The base cost of this fuel is up to 10 times that of conventional fuel.
48