The document provides an overview of the automotive industry, including: 1) It describes the key systems of a vehicle like the engine, drivetrain, chassis, and gives examples of components that make up each system. 2) It explains the different types of repair facilities like dealerships, independent shops, and lube chains and outlines the pros and cons of each. 3) It provides a high-level overview of how new vehicles flow from the manufacturing plant to dealerships where they are inspected and prepared for sale.

1. AUT1
Automotive Technology

2. Week 1
• Goals
– understand how “Horse Power” is measured
– Be able to identify the 3 major systems of the
automobile
– Identify the vehicles sub systems and their purposes

3. Horse Power
• A measurement of work
done over time
• Developed by James Watt in
the early 1800’s
• Watt developed this equation
to help sell steam engines he
developed to coal mines
• Using “Horsepower” was a
way of comparing “Apples to
Apples”

4. Horsepower
• Horsepower is:
– The ability to move 33,000 lbs. 1 foot in 1 minute
(or 330 lbs. 100 feet in one minute)
• Horsepower in a measurement of work done
over time.
• This is what gets you across the finish line!
• Horsepower rating/measurements are
standardized today

5. Torque
• Torque is rotational force:
• Torque is the ability of crank shaft to spin the
wheels (not counting gearing)
• This is what gets you “Out of the hole”.
Torque * RPM
Horsepower = ------------------------------------------
5252

6. Horsepower
Torque
120X6500=148.5
Dyno Report

7. Where do we want Hp and Tq?
• Cars like to have the torque peak:
– mid to upper middle of rpm band
– Less mass to get moving
• Trucks like the torque peak:
– Lower to middle of rpm band
– Better for pulling loads
– Heavier vehicles
• Diesels make torque at low rpm (1,000-2,000rpm)

8. The Engine

9. External Combustion
ECE
• Used on James Watt’s
portable steam engine
• Develops pressure in boiler
tank in the form of steam
• Steam routed to cylinder via
pipes
• Steam forces piston down
• Connecting rod turns
crankshaft

10. Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, inventor of
first self-propelled vehicle in 1769

11. Best known example of ECE
1912 Stanley Steamer

12. Internal Combustion Engine
ICE
• Uses Valves to allow
flow on fuel and exhaust
in and out of cylinder
• Uses an ignition source
(spark, or heat from
compression) to ignite air
fuel mixture
• Piston forces connecting
rod to turn crank shaft

13. The Otto Cycle Engine
• Nicolaus Otto is
given credit for
inventing the first
successful four
stroke ICE in
1876.
• Otto put his
engine in a
motorcycle

14. The Basic 4 Stroke Cycle
• The engine needs four things to run.
1. Air
2. Fuel
3. Compression
4. Ignition source (spark plug)

15. Intake Stroke
• Exhaust valve is closed.
• Intake valve opens.
• Piston goes down and
pulls air/fuel mixture
into cylinder.

16. Compression Stroke
• After piston reaches
lowest point in stroke it
starts to move up.
• Intake and exhaust
valves are closed.
• The piston compresses
air/fuel mixture to just
below it’s self ignition
point.

17. Power Stroke
• The spark plug fires.
• The piston starts it’s
downward stroke turning
the crankshaft.
• Intake and exhaust
valves are still closed.

18. Exhaust Stroke
• The exhaust valve opens.
• The piston starts it’s
upward stroke and forces
out exhaust gasses (H-C,
CO, CO², O², and
NOX).

19. Engine Sub Systems
• Electrical System
– Battery
– Starter
– Alternator
– Electronic Control Units
• PCM (Powertrain Control Module)
• TCM (Transmission Control Module)
• ECM (Engine Control Module)

20. Engine Sub Systems
• Fuel System
– Fuel Tank
– Fuel Pump
– Fuel Lines
– Carburetor
– Fuel Injection
– Emission Control

21. Engine Sub Systems
• Cooling System
– Radiator
– Cooling System Hoses
– Heater Core
– Water Jackets
– Coolant
– Coolant Recovery Bottle

22. Engine Sub Systems
• Lubrication System
– Oil Pan
– Oil Pump
– Oil Filter
– Oil Galleries
– Oil Cooler (on some cars and trucks)
– Oil

23. Powertrain
is combination of Engine and Transmission
components

24. Drivetrain
• Consists of
– Transmission or Transaxle
– Drive Shafts
– Transfer Case
– Differential Housing
– Differential Gears
– Axles

25. Drivetrain
• Three Different Types
– Front Wheel Drive
• Common on most cars today
– Rear Wheel Drive
• Usually on larger cars
• Common on Trucks
– Four Wheel Drive/All Wheel Drive
• Used by Subaru, Audi, and other auto makers

26. Chassis

27. Chassis
• Frame Construction
– Full or Ladder frame
– Perimeter frame
• Unit-Body Construction
– Monocoque
– Sub-type frame
• Space-Frame Construction
– Tube construction
– Can use engine and transmission as stressed
components

28. Chassis Sub Systems
• Brakes
– Power Assist Unit
– Master Cylinder
– Brake Lines
– Brake Valves
– Brake Fluid

29. Disk Brakes
• Common on front brake
systems of most vehicles
since early 1970’s
• Found on all four wheel
of most newer cars and
trucks

30. Drum Brakes
• Found on rear of most
base model vehicles
• Used to be on all four
wheels of older vehicles

31. Suspension and Steering
• Steering System
– Two Types
• Rack and pinion
• Recirculating Ball Gear
Box
• Newest type is Electronic
Assist
– Steering Linkage
Components
• Tie rods
• Idler Arms
• Pitman Arms

32. Suspension and Steering
• Suspension System
– Control Arms
– Steering Knuckles
– Sway Bar
– Coil Springs
– Leaf Springs
– Frame
– Shocks/Struts
– Tires

33. Summary
Which of the following is most correct.
A. An ICE uses coal to heat up water
B. An ICE uses a spark plug to ignite an air fuel
mixture.
C. An ECE is a new development.
D. An ECE can be used to power an airplane.

34. Summary
Which of the following is directly linked to the
crank shaft.
A. Valve
B. Piston
C. Cylinder
D. Connecting rod

35. Summary
What are the three major sections of the
automobile?
A. Brakes, Motor, Driveline
B. Body, Chassis, Electrical
C. Chassis, Powertrain, Drivetrain
D. Chassis, Drivetrain, Engine

36. Summary
Drum Brakes are typically found on all four
wheels of modern vehicles.
A. True
B. False

37. End of Systems Overview
Any Questions?

39. The Auto Industry

40. Flow of Vehicles
• It all starts at the manufacturing plant

41. From the Plant
• Cars are shipped:
– Overseas to ports by Cargo Ship
– Overland from ports by Rail
– And then by Truck to dealership

42. After Delivery to Dealership
• Technicians Perform Pre-Delivery Inspection
(PDI) to check over new car before it goes on
lot for sale.
– Vehicle is checked for fit, finish, performance
– Manufacture Recalls are performed
– Accessories are added
– Final new car cleaning is done

43. New Car Dealership Operations
• Dealership Principal (Owner)
– General Manager
• Sales Department
• Finance Department
• Business Office
• Parts Department
• Service Department
• Detail Department

44. Sales
• Sales Mgr.
– Desk Men / Women
– Fleet Sales Personnel
– Sales People
• Finance Mgr.
– F&I (Finance and Insurance) Sales People

45. Business Office
• Business Office Mgr.
– Secretaries
– Book Keepers
– Personnel Department
– Financial Book Keepers
– Receptionists
– DMV Specialists
– Payroll

46. Parts Department
• Parts Mgr.
– Front Parts Counter Sales
– Wholesale Parts Counter Sales
– Back Parts Counter Sales
– Shipping and Receiving
– Delivery Drivers

47. Service Department
• Service Manager
– Service Writers
– Warranty Administrators
– Shop Foreman / Team Leaders
• Drivability Technicians
• Heavy Line Technicians
• Light Line / Service
• Used Car Technicians
• Lube Rack
– Porters (Lot Lizards)

48. Detail Department
• Detail Manager
– Detailers
– PDI Technicians

49. How You Get Paid
• Flat Rate or Customer Pay
– Time given by Flat Rate Manual (Mitchell)
• Hourly or Straight Time
– Time spent on job per Punch Time
• Commission
– Combination of hourly + bonus for repair up-sales
• Internal Pay
– Time given by shop for repairs, services, new/used
car preparation
• Warranty
– Time given by Mfg. for individual labor operations

50. Types of Auto Repair Facilities
• Express Lube Chains
– Minimum wage - $7-10 (usually no benefits)
• Independent-Private shops, Mass Merchandiser
– Minimum wage - $15-20 (usually no benefits)
• Specialty Repair-AAmco Transmission
• $15-20 (usually no benefits)

51. Types of Auto Repair Facilities
• Fleet Service Facility
– PG&E, CHP
• Minimum wage to $25 with benefits
• Mfg. Dealerships
– Honda, Toyota, Chevrolet, etc.
• Minimum wage (with no tools)
• With tools - $20+ Benefits

52. Express Lube Chains
• Convenient
• Fast
• Multiple locations
• Meet Mfg. requirements if
requested
• They can have their issues
though
– Up Sells
– Snake Oil
• Crash

53. Independent-Private Shops
• Affordable
• Convenient
• Rapport with technicians
• Great alternative to
Dealerships
• Issues
– May not be up to date on
technology
– Does not have “good will”
with Mfg. if large part fails

54. Dealerships
• Factory trained
Technicians
• Mfg. parts
• Meets warranty
requirements
• Builds good will with
company and you
• Issues
– Expense
– Fluff in services

55. End of Automotive Industry
Any Questions?