Different Fuels used for SI engine along with petrol

1. Alternative Fuels
for SI Engines
By
K C KARTHIK
2nd
sem, M.Tech(A.E)

2. The increase in energy consumption particularly in the
past several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital
natural resources
Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population
has increased the dependence and use of natural fuels
Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by
fossil fuels

3. Ethanol
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Propane
Methanol

4. • Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by
fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted
into simple sugars. Feedstock for this fuel include corn, barley,
and wheat.
• Ethanol can also be produced from "cellulosic biomass" such as
trees and grasses and is called bioethanol. Ethanol is most
commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions
quality of gasoline.

6. • High octane (100+); enhances octane properties of gasoline
and used as oxygenate to reduce CO emissions.
• 27% - 36% less energy content than gasoline. Also 15% - 30%
decrease in mileage.
• E85 vehicles demonstrate a 25% reduction in ozone-forming
emissions compared to gasoline.
• As an alternative fuel, most commonly used in a blend of 85%
ethanol and 15% gasoline (E85).

8. A mixture of 85% Ethanol and 15%
Gasoline (E85)
Pros
Higher Octane Rating 100-105
Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
Reduces tailpipe emissions
Usually cheaper than 87 octane gasoline
Cons
Production process does add extra green house gases to
atmosphere
Use of corn crop for fuel instead of food
Lower energy content than gasoline
Limited distribution network

11. Hydrogen
• It is the simplest and lightest fuel with atomic no. 1.
• Hydrogen burns more efficiently and creates energy more than
gasoline.
• Hydrogen is extremely reactive with oxygen and makes it highly
flammable
• Hydrogen mixed with natural gas can be used in internal
combustion engine.
• Hydrogen is the perfect fuel to run fuel cells cause pure hydrogen
reacts only with oxygen releasing water thus no emissions.

12. Properties
Does not occur to any significant extent on earth in its free,
elemental form.
Found in chemical compositions such as water and
hydrocarbons, and dry coal.
Pure hydrogen contains no carbon thus burns to form water
with no CO2 or CO emissions.
One kg of hydrogen contains roughly equivalent energy to one
gallon of gasoline.
Can be stored as compressed hydrogen at 5,000 – 10,000 psi or
liquid hydrogen (cooled to -4230
F, -2520
C).

13. There are two types of Hydrogen engine
Hydrogen IC engine
Hydrogen fuel cell engine
Hydrogen IC engine emits zero CO2 and minimal Nox when
compared to other engines. The SI engine can be used for it.
Generation of Hydrogen – Electrolysis of water
H2OH2+ ½ O2
Supply Hydrogen gas to intake valve of SI engine
Vary voltage of DC supply to control electrolysis process.

14. Hydrogen
Pros
Much lower emissions than Petrol
Huge supply of hydrogen
Reduce consumption of Petrol
More energy per weight than gasoline
Higher thermal efficiency than gasoline engine
Cons
Most common production method burns fossil fuels
Lower volumetric density than gasoline
Expensive to produce
No distribution network
Difficulties in transportation and storage

15. • Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane,
and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction
with crude oil production.
• Natural gas is consumed in the residential, commercial,
industrial, and utility markets.
• Natural gas can either be stored onboard a vehicle as
compressed natural gas (CNG) or as liquefied natural gas
(LNG). Natural gas can also be blended with hydrogen.
Natural Gas

16. CNG
In India CNG costs are at Rs. 40/kg much cheaper
than petrol at Rs. 70/ltr.
The cost saving is immense along with reduced
emissions and environment friendly.
The use of CNG is mandatory for public transport in
New Delhi as well as for Ahmedabad.
The Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world’s
largest fleet of CNG buses.

17. Natural Gas
Pros
• Lower emissions
• Lower smog producing gases (60-90% Light-Duty use, 90% in
Mid to Heavy-duty use)
• Can be used to make hydrogen to power the future fuel cell
technology
Future of natural gas
• Natural gas is now being installed in 1 out of 5 transit buses
today
• Fueling systems are being installed in home or public facilities
• Gradually the automobiles shift to natural gas fuel.

18. Propane
• Propane is a liquefied gas made up of propylene, butane, and
butylene from petro chemicals.
• By-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining.
What are the benefits?
• A 98% reduction in toxic emissions in light-duty bi-fuel
vehicles
• In the quantities needed it costs less than gasoline
• Very accessible compared to other alternative fuels.

19. Propane Properties
• HD5, the automotive propane standard, a mixture of 90%
propane and other hydrocarbons(proplyene).
• Contains 33% - 41% less energy content per gallon than
gasoline.
• Vehicles can demonstrate a 60% reduction in ozone-forming
emissions compared to gasoline.
• High octane properties (~104) allow vehicles to operate with
higher compression ratios; leads to higher efficiency/fuel
economy

20. • Used in light- and medium-duty vehicles, heavy-duty
trucks and buses.
• Many propane vehicles are converted gasoline vehicles.
(Conversion kits include regulator/vaporizer, air/fuel
mixer, oxygen-monitoring closed-loop feedback
system, and special fuel tank.)
Propane

21. Propane
Future
• Currently 200,000 vehicles in the US use propane (mostly fleet
vehicles like taxis and police cars)
• Since the current infrastructure can easily be converted to
dispense propane it makes for a cost effective solution to gasoline
by using the current fuel dispensing system

22. • Methanol is wood alcohol, which can be made from
natural gas, coal, or wood.
• Methanol is produced from natural gas in production
plants with 60% total energy efficiency.
• Methanol can be made with any renewable resource
containing carbon such as seaweed, waste wood and
garbage.
• Methanol fuel cells will greatly reduce carbon dioxide
emissions for vehicles and virtually eliminate smog and
particulate pollution.
Methanol

23. Methanol
Pros
• Lower emissions
• Higher performance
• Lower risk of flammability
• Methanol can be used to easily make hydrogen
Cons
• The biggest is the lack of vehicles to use it, manufactures have
stopped making vehicles to run on Methanol

24. Conclusion
Alternative fuels generally lower emissions making
them appealing for environmental concerns. Many of
these fuels are renewable and would lessen the need
for petroleum products. A lot of these fuels are going
to be used with the developing fuel cell technology.
With making the public aware of these alternatives it
could hasten the development of these fuels and the