This document discusses alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. It begins by defining alternate fuels as fuels other than petrol or diesel like natural gas, methanol, or electricity. It then discusses the need for alternate fuels to reduce pollution as conventional fuels are running out. The document categorizes alternate fuels as solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels and discusses examples within each category like methanol, ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas. It covers advantages and disadvantages of different alternate fuels and concludes by stating alternate fuels should be considered as a supplement rather than replacement for fossil fuels.

1. ALTERNATEFULESFORICENGINES
• PROJECT GUIDE : Mr. D JAWAHARLAL
• PROJECT MEMBERS : B K N AMARESWARA RAO(19F05A0309)
G VARUN KUMAR(19F05A0316)
A TARUN REDDY(19F05A0301)
A KALYAN REDDY(19F05A0304)
G NARENDRA KUMAR(18F01A0322)

2. ALTERNATE FUELS:
• A fuel other than petrol or diesel for powering motor vehicles such as
natural gas, metonal or electricity.
• Alternate fuels known as non conventional and advanced fuels, are
fuels or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional
fuels.
• Alternative fuels include gaseous fuels such as Hydrogen, Natural gas,
and Propane; Alcohols such as Ethanol, Methanol, and Butanol;
Vegetable and Waste-derived oils; and Electricity.

3. NEED OF ALTERNATE FUELS:
 To reduce pollution.
 Conventional fuels are going to runout.
Petrol and Diesel are diminishing very rapidly but demands is increasing continuously,
In order to fulfil the demand it is necessary to search for Alternate Fuels.
 Relatively low cost.
 To become energy independent.
The fuels are imported from other countries make an negative effect on the economy of the country.
TYPES OF ALTERNATE FUELS:
 SOLID FUELS
 LIQUID FUELS
 GASEOUS FUELS

4. SOLID FUELS:
 Solid Fuels are obsolete for IC Engines.
 It is more difficult to use as a fuel in IC Engines.
because of abrasive nature of particle of solid fuels.
For e.g.:
In letter half of the 1800s, Rudolf Diesel(Inventor of Diesel Engine)
used coal dust mixed with water as a fuel for his diesel engine.

5. LIQUID FUELS:
 Liquid fuels are mostly preferred for IC Engines, because of
They are easy to store.
High CALORIFIC VALUE.
 In this category alcohols are promising alternative fuels because they can be
obtained from both natural and manufactured sources
Two kinds of alcohols are
1) Methanol or Methyl Alcohol (CH3OH)
2) Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)

6. 1)Methanol or Methyl Alcohol (CH30H) :
 The octane number of methanol is greater than petrol , so with methanol 20% greater out put than petrol
engine can be obtained due to higher compression ratio
 Methanol engine has greater thermal efficiency
 Methanol can be obtained from coal or municipal solid waste
 The mass of methanol consumed is more than petrol due to lower C.V. of methanol
 Preferred in blended form
e.g. MIO (10% methanol and 90% gasoline)
 Methanol is used in some duel- fuel engine
 Methanol is not good Cl engine fuel because of its higher octane number, but if a small amount of diesel
oil is used for ignition, it can be used with good results.
2) Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol (C2H50H):
 Octane number of ethanol is also greater than petrol and hence more thermal efficiency than petrol
engine
 The volumetric efficiency is also increased
 Ethanol can be obtained from any feed stock containing carbohydrates such as corn, wheat , sugarcane,
potatoes, starch in carbohydrates etc.

7. Advantages of alcohol:
 Have higher octane number
 Higher pressure and more power
 High latent heat of vaporization
 Can be obtained from natural as well as manufactured sources
 Overall emission is less
 Low sulphur content
Disadvantages of alcohol:
 Alcohols have almost invisible flames, which is dangerous when handling fuels
 Due to low flame speed
- NOx emission is less
- More time is needed to heat the catalytic converter to an efficient operation temperature
 Low energy content i.e. C.V. of alcohol is almost half of the same amount of gasoline
 More aldehydes in exhaust
 More corrosive
 Due to low vapour pressure and evaporation
Poor cold weather starting
Poor ignition characteristics

8. WVO : Waste Vegetable Oil
SVO / PPO : Straight vegetable Oil / Pure Plant Oil
 It is more difficult to use directly because of Higher viscosity(before
we use we need reduce the viscosity)
 The main SVO or PPO used in many countries is rapeseed oil.

9. Biodiesel:
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel engine fuel consisting of
long-chain alkyl esters
It is generally used in blended form
e.g. B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel)
Like B5, B20, BIOO blends can be used
 Up to B20 biodiesel can be used in diesel engine without any modification
Problems brought by Biodiesel:
 Certain biodiesel gels easily under cold temperature
 Deforestation for plantation
 Degrades rubber in old cars
 Synthetic rubbers that are resistant

10. Advantages and Disadvantages:
• Better lubricating properties & much higher cetane ratings than diesel
• Flash point is significantly higher (>1300C)
• Biodiesel has higher density of 0.88 g/cc than diesel (0.85 g/cc)
• Virtually no sulphur content
• Higher Viscosity
• Less effect on environment but NOx emission is very much higher than diesel

11. Environmental Issues
• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of
carbon dioxide
• Fossil fuels are a finite resource
30% Increase
Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage

12. Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel
Engines
• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20,
BXX).
• Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil.
• Little or no engine modifications
• Use existing fuel distribution network.
• Available now

13. Future of bio diesel:
Should be considered for use as an alternative and not a primary fuel
Short and long term environmental benefits will be worthwhile
Storage Issues with Stability and Transportation issues with high cost of
delivered fuel compared to fossil fuels
Fuel-supply reliability
Lack of understanding of environmental impact - NOx emissions
Complexity of biomass-power infrastructure compared to known well
established coal and natural gas markets

14. Hydrogen :
• Low emission (No CO or HC emission)
• Easy availability
• Fuel leakage to environment is not a pollutant
• High energy content per volume when stored as a liquid
Hydrogen can be used in Sl engines by three methods
1. By manifold induction
2. By direct introduction of hydrogen into the cylinder
3. By supplementing gasoline
Disadvantages :
Hydrogen can be stored either as cryogenic liquid or as a compressed gas
volumetric efficiency
Difficult to refuel
Due to high flame temperature NOx emission is high
Can cause detonation
Hydrogen ignites easily so design of fuel intake should be done with at most care

15. Natural gas :
• Natural gas is mixture of methane(60 - 95%)with small amount of hydrocarbon fuel
components.
• It is stored as compressed natural gas (CNG) at a pressure of 16 to 25 bar or as liquid
natural gas(LNG) at pressures of 70 to 210 bar and temperature around -1600C.
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) :
• The natural gas can be compressed and then it is called Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)
• CNG fuel feed system is similar to LPG fuel feed system
• CNG conversion kits are used to convert petrol- driven cars into CNG-driven cars
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) :
• For automobile engines LPG means either Propane or Butane or mixture of both
• Propane and Butane are obtained from oil and gas well
• LPG serves as a fuel in place of petrol

16. Advantages of LPG :
• LPG contains less carbon than petrol
• LPG mixes with air at temperatures
• There is no crankcase dilation
• LPG has higher antiknock characteristics(octane number is 100)
• Cost saving up to 50%
• Engine life will be more
Disadvantages of LPG :
• LPG produce 10% of less power than petrol at full throttle
• A good cooling system is necessary
• The vehicle weight is increased due to use of heavy pressure cylinders for storing LPG
• Higher temperature reduces valve life by 5%

17. Biogas :
• Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter
• Raw material available on large scale (e.g. cow dung, municipal waste, plants like algae)
• Consist of methanol and C02
• C.V.is low and ignition quality is low

18. References :
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.studymafia.org
• www.pptplanet.com