Primary fuels – Fuels which occur naturally such as coal, crude petroleum and natural gas. Coal and crude petroleum, formed from organic matter many millions of years ago, are referred to as fossil fuels.
Secondary fuels – Fuels which are derived from naturally occurring ones by a treatment process such as coke, gasoline, coal gas etc.
Primary fuels – Fuels which occur naturally such as coal, crude petroleum and natural gas. Coal and crude petroleum, formed from organic matter many millions of years ago, are referred to as fossil fuels.
Secondary fuels – Fuels which are derived from naturally occurring ones by a treatment process such as coke, gasoline, coal gas etc.
• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
A look at how automotive emissions legislation and the drive for energy sustainability are impacting the refining industry.
Both recent - and upcoming - legislation on automobile emissions has become the major change agent within this environmental arena. As with all legislation, regulation around emissions levels the playing field for all stakeholders in the automotive industry, effectively ensuring a competitive business climate. All participants must adjust their operations to comply with the latest regulations, leaving no-one at a competitive disadvantage.
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• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM
https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
A look at how automotive emissions legislation and the drive for energy sustainability are impacting the refining industry.
Both recent - and upcoming - legislation on automobile emissions has become the major change agent within this environmental arena. As with all legislation, regulation around emissions levels the playing field for all stakeholders in the automotive industry, effectively ensuring a competitive business climate. All participants must adjust their operations to comply with the latest regulations, leaving no-one at a competitive disadvantage.
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Essay on Air Pollutants
Air And Water Pollution Essay
Air and Water Pollution essay
Cause And Effect Essay On Air Pollution
Air Pollution Essay
Environmental Problems: Air Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
Air pollution Essay example
Air Pollution Essay
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Thesis Statement On Air Pollution
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
The Importance of Air Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
Essay On Ocean Pollution
Argumentative Essay On Air Pollution
Air and Air PollutionChapter 8Long-Distanc.docxnettletondevon
Air and Air Pollution
Chapter 8
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Global Distillation Effect:Chemicals enter the atmosphere in warm regions and are moved to cooler areas.Yukon, Northern CanadaChemicals concentrate (bioaccumulate) in the body fat of animals at the top of the food chainA single bite of whale skin contains more PCBs than what is safe to consume in one weekBreast milk of Inuit women (where whale is part of the diet) has 5 times more PCB than in women in Southern Canada
*
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
Atmospheric conditions blow pollution from Asia to America across the Pacific OceanMany countries have policies and regulations to limit pollution from being transported
*
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution
*
Learning Objectives:
Define atmosphere and list the major gases comprising the atmosphere
Briefly describe the four major concentric layers of the atmosphere
Define Coriolis effect
The Atmosphere
*
The AtmosphereAtmosphere Gaseous envelope surrounding the EarthOxygen and Nitrogen = 99% of dry airOther gases = 1%Water and traces of air pollutantsFour concentric layers:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
*
The Atmosphere
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The Atmosphere
*
Environmental InSight
*
The AtmosphereAtmosphereEcosystem Services:Protects Earth from UV radiation, x-rays, cosmic raysKeeps Earth’s temperature within living rangeOrganisms depend on the atmosphereOrganism modify and balance the atmospherePhotosynthesisRespiration
*
The AtmosphereAtmospheric CirculationGlobal Circulation PatternsDifferences in air temperatures drive circulationHot air near Equator expands and risesAs it rises, it cools and sinks againConvection process causes air currents that mix warmer and cooler parts of the atmospheremoderates temperatures over Earth’s surfaceWinds Smaller-scale horizontal movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresPlanet’s rotation
*
The Atmosphere
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The AtmosphereWindSmaller-scale horizontal movementsFluctuations in atmospheric pressuresAir pressure is variable depending on altitude, temperature, and humidityWinds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure The bigger the difference between the high and low pressures, the stronger the windsPlanet’s rotationCoriolis effectPrevailing WindsPolar EasterliesWesterliesTrade Winds
*
The Atmosphere
*
Global Climate Change
What gases make up the atmosphere?
What two layers of the atmosphere are closest to Earth’s surface? How do they differ from one another?
What is the Coriolis effect, and how does it influence atmospheric circulation?
Types and Sources of Air PollutionLearning Objectives
Define air pollution and distinguish between primary and secondary air pollutants
List the seven major classes of air pollutants and describe their characteristics and sources
*
Air Pollution:Various chemicals (gases, liquids, solids) present in the atmosphere in high enough leve.
Air pollution Essay example
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Air and Water Pollution essay
Thesis Statement On Air Pollution
Essay On Air Pollution
Essay On Air Pollution
Essay On Air Pollution
Air Pollution Essay
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Air And Water Pollution Essay
Effects Of Air Pollution Essay
Causes Of Air Pollution Essay
Essay On Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Cause And Effect Essay On Air Pollution
Essay On Air Pollution
The Effects Of Air Pollution And Climate Change
Air Pollution Essay
Argumentative Essay On Air Pollution
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
2. Negative impacts from carbon
based fuels on humans
Most of the pollutants associated with vehicle
emissions have a negative impact on the
health of humans and animals. Some of these
emissions are poisonous, toxic, and can
interfere with breathing. Most of these
emissions are proven to cause cancer and
other serious illnesses.
3. Negative impacts from carbon
based fuels on the environment
In addition to health affects, these emissions
also harm our environment such as plants,
soil, water and air. The poisonous chemicals
in emissions can affect the “ecological
balance” of our planet.
4. What are vehicle emissions?
Vehicle emissions are pollutants released
directly into the air from vehicles. All vehicles
with a gasoline or diesel internal combustion
engine (ICE) produce vehicle emissions.
Name some sources of emissions from our vehicles?
5. Environmental protection agency
(EPA) identified vehicle pollutants
Emission Abbreviation
Carbon Monoxide CO
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Oxides of Nitrogen NOx
Oxides of Sulfur SOx
Hydrocarbons HC
Particulate Matter (soot) PM
NOTE: Ozone is a reactive pollutant created by a chemical
reaction in the atmosphere from the pollutants above, but is not
listed on the EPA’s pollutant table.
6. Carbon Monoxide
CO is produced by the incomplete combustion of
fuels that contain carbon. Since petroleum is
mostly burned in ICEs, it is the primary source of
CO in the world today.
CO is a chemical compound that contains one
atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen. It is
colorless, odorless, flammable, and poisonous. It
also interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the
body’s organs.
7. Carbon Dioxide
One part Carbon and two parts Oxygen
(Dioxide)
We inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon
Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide is a “Green house” Gas,
meaning it traps solar heat within our
atmosphere. It has a Global Warming
Potential (GWP) of 1.
NOTE: R-12 had a GWP of 8500, R-134a has a GWP of 1350. This is
Why we are switching freons again to HFO-1234YF which has a
GWP of 4. (but is flammable and can create hydrogen flouride
when burned. Hydrogen Flouride causes cellular damage called
necrosis…… YAY!
8. Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitrogen combined with oxygen in a high heat
environment create oxides of nitrogen
NOx facilitate the production of ground level
ozone. Which is a component of acid rain,
YAY again.
It also can combine with HC, Sulfur Dioxide
SO2, and sunlight to create photochemical
smog.
9. Oxides of Sulfur
A powdery solid crystal, that is an essential
element for all living things on earth and is a
component of most proteins.
Highly reactive, so it combines readily with
many other elements such as oxygen.
Combined with oxygen creates SO2 Sulfur
dioxide. Just like Nox can create “Acid Rain”
GREEN THUMB? Acid rain increases the acidity of our soil,
Damaging crops, animals, and people.
10. Hydrocarbons
Any compound that contains Hydrogen and
Carbon such as Petroleum.
Atmosphere pollution consist primarily of
unburned petroleum products such as vehicle
exhaust (incomplete burn) or evaporation of
fuels (evap)
Combines with NOx to create SMOG
11. Particulate Matter
Soot created by diesel engines
Also known as “Rollin’ Coal”!
PM is easily inhaled and the particles become
trapped in the tiny passages in our lungs.
Health effects include Asthma, Difficulty
breathing, and Chronic Bronchitis.
Children are more vulnerable because of their
small lung passages, and they are exposed to
PM more often (school buses).
NOTE: Diesel engines were totally unregulated until1989!
12. Ozone (O3)
Although not listed as a vehicle emission,
ozone is an additional pollutant created by the
chemical reaction of vehicle emissions in our
atmosphere.
At the top of our atmosphere (10 to 30 miles),
ozone is a protective shield that reflects
ultraviolet radiation. But at ground level it
causes serious health problems.
NOTE: Ozone is also created by spark plugs gapping and lightning
storms. It also damages rubber and causes billions of dollars of
agricultural loss each year.
13.
14. Carbon Footprint
Total Carbon footprint includes energy-related
emissions from human activities, including
heat, light, power, refrigeration, and all
transport-related emissions from vehicles,
freight, and distribution.
Think about the “bigger picture” not just what comes out of
the tailpipe. What about production? Industrial? Off-gassing?
15. The U.S. Runs on Oil!
United States has increased energy
consumption since 1956 by 259%!
Changes in oil prices have a significant
impact on the U.S. economy.
There is a finite amount of oil on the Earth.
When its gone its GONE!
16. Oil as a political weapon
The use of oil as a political weapon is very
common in the world today. Oil is something
that Middle Eastern nations have and the rest
of the world needs.
On October 1973, members of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries declared an embargo of oil exports
to the United States for supporting Israel. The
result was high fuel prices.
17. Energy Security
The U.S. dependence on imported oil has
profound effects on the country’s foreign
relations and defense policy.
There is no readily available domestic supply
that meet the needs of current U.S.
consumption.
18. Energy Security
There are only two obvious solutions:
-The United States could alter its
consumption of energy by changing out lifestyle
(not going to happen ) or,
-The United States could find alternative
sources of energy for our needs that are
currently being met by petroleum. (Bingo)
19. Energy Security
Dependence on foreign oil weakens the
country’s energy security and puts the nation
at risk.
Our goal should be to obtain a safe,
dependable, sustainable, supply of energy
that is not affected by factors outside our
country.
20. Brief history of pollution laws
At the end of WWII, the United States was the
GREATEST economic and military force on
Earth. After decades of economic depression,
and six years of war, the demand for
consumer goods, housing and transportation
exploded in an economic boom.
21. Brief history of pollution laws
The availability and affordability of personal
transportation made it possible for workers to
live farther than ever before from work (enter
suburbs).
During President Eisenhower’s term,
Congress passed the national interstate and
defense highways act of 1956, based on the
recommendations of Eisenhower.
22. Brief history of pollution laws
The Act was a thirty-five-year program of
interstate highway construction to mirror what
Eisenhower saw in European countries as a
General. Due to its resistance from an aerial
attack, It was built as a defense system to
transport troops and supplies if we were ever
attacked.
23. Brief history of pollution laws
This highway network called “Eisenhower
Interstate System” has made the United
States very mobile and unfortunately has
brought a great deal of environmental
pollution from the millions of vehicles that use
it everyday.
24. Pollution laws
In 1955, the U.S. Congress passed the first
Federal law on this matter called “Air Pollution
Control Act”. The Act’s stated purpose was to
provide research and technical assistance
relating to air pollution control.
This was the first time the Federal
Government acknowledged our air quality
problems.
25. Pollution laws
Clean air act of 1963 allocated $95 Million
over a period of three years for state and local
governments to conduct research and initiate
control programs that prevented air pollution.
26. Pollution laws
Motor vehicle air pollution control act of 1965
established the first nationwide emissions
standards, which went into effect in 1968
(adopting the standards of California from
1966 on)
It also funded research into the effects of
pollution from U.S. vehicles.
27. Pollution laws
Air quality Act of 1967 amended the act of
1963 by two significant improvements:
-They mandated nationwide
measurement of air quality
-They required the states to prove that
they were taking action to address
the problems.
28. Pollution laws
Clean Air Act of 1970 was a complete rewrite
of the Act of 1963. It set up the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Required compliance no later than December
31, 1982.
First Federal law to set strict vehicle exhaust
levels, including HC, CO, and NOx.
Required leaded gasoline be phased out by
the mid 1980’s.
29. Pollution laws
Clean Air Act of 1977 sets up “New Source
Review” which requires older industrial
facilities that want to expand, to undergo an
EPA assessment and install pollution control
technologies
lead in gasoline dropped by 50 percent,
resulting in a 37 percent reduction of blood-
lead levels in children.
30. Pollution laws
Alternative motor fuels act of 1988 requests
the government to obtain the “maximum
practicable” number of light-duty alcohol and
natural gas vehicles for the federal fleet.
It also set up an interagency commission on
alternative motor fuels in order to create a
national alternative fuels policy.
31. Pollution laws
Clean air act amendments of 1990 set higher
standards for vehicle emissions and set up
protections for our ozone layer.
It also can withhold federal funds from states
that have not met the criteria.
It provides manufactures with Corporate
Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) incentives to
develop alternatively-fueled vehicles. Gave
EPA power to enforce regulations such as:
32. Pollution laws
The energy policy act of 1992 was passed for
the stated purpose of accelerating the use of
alternative fuels by requiring the department
of energy to:
- Decrease the nation’s dependence on
foreign oil.
- Increase energy security through the use of
domestically produced alternative fuels.
33. Pollution laws
The DOE’s initial mission was to replace:
- Ten percent of petroleum-based motor fuels
by 2000
- Thirty percent of petroleum-based motor fuels
by 2010
34. Pollution laws
In 1991 President Bush signed on executive
order to provide early federal leadership on
acquiring the use of several alternatively-
fueled vehicles by the government between
the years 1993-1997.
35. Pollution laws
In 1993 President Clinton signed an executive
order increasing the number of alternative
fueled vehicles to be acquired by the
executive order signed by previous President
George Bush.
36. Encouraging the use of
Alternative fuels
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
came out of the clean air act of 1970 by
President Nixon.
EPA develops and enforces regulations that
implement environmental laws enacted by
Congress.
EPA has the responsibility for researching and
setting national standards.
37. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
There are several standards and ratings that
can be given to vehicles, and a certain
percentage of a manufacture’s vehicles must
meet different levels in order for the company
to sell its products in the affected regions.
(Direct result of the Clean Air Act of 1990)
38. Federal Emission Standards
Tier one federal emissions standards, which
regulated the emissions of HC, NOx, and PM
for all vehicles sold between 1994 and 2004.
Tier two federal emissions standards, which
are much more stringent than tier one and
became effective with the 2004 model year.
Rated by “Bin #” between 1 and 11. 1 being
the cleanest.
39. California Emission Standards
California air resource board (CARB) has the
strictest standards, known as Low Emission
Vehicle (LEV Pre-2004). After model year
2004 they were known as
LEV-II with a rating system as follows:
40. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV)
- This is the least demanding standard, but it is
about twice as stringent as the EPA pre-1994
Tier one standards. They are equivalent to
today’s Tier two Bin 5.
41. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV)
- This vehicle achieves a 50 percent reduction
in emissions over a post 1994, Federal Tier one
vehicle.
42. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV)
- This standard establishes extremely stringent
levels of NOx, emissions over ULEV’s. SULEV’s
are a bout 90 percent cleaner than the Federal
Tier one vehicle standard.
43. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV)
- This vehicle meets the SULEV standard and
also produces near zero evaporative emissions.
It must include a 15 year/150,000 mile warranty
on its emission control systems. (awesome for
owner….not for flat rate tech )
44. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emissions
Vehicle (AT-PZEV)
- This is any vehicle that meets all of the PZEV
standards and also includes advanced
technologies such as a hybrid drive.
45. Encouraging the use of
Alternative Fuels
Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV)
- A vehicle with no tailpipe emissions. This
classification is currently available only to
battery-powered electric vehicles and vehicles
powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
47. National Low Emission Vehicle
Program (NLEV)
NLEV targets ozone creation by calling for
severe reductions in total emissions of NOx
(70 percent) and HC’s (50 percent). Rather
than certifying individual vehicles, the
program is aimed at fleet averages.
In addition, NLEV set up a system that allows
OEM’s to “trade” emission credits among
themselves. (Enter Tesla)
48. Tesla loses money on every
model S sold? What!
Yes its true, Tesla actually reported last
quarter, that they lost $8K on each model S
sold.
Tesla is in the business of selling “Green
Indulgences” and Carbon Credits.
Honda shelled out $68 Million dollars last
quarter for zero emission, plug in, credits.
49. So, pick your reason
Either because of environmental pollution or
less dependency on foreign energy sources, our
country NEEDS to change our oil consumption
habit. A major solution to this problem is through
the use of alternatively-fueled vehicles….but
what is an alternatively-fueled vehicle?
50. Alternative Fuels overview
Propane- a form of petroleum also known as
liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas, autogas, or
LPG.
Natural Gas- a fuel that comes in two forms:
compressed to a high pressure or liquefied
and chilled into a cryogenic liquid. Contains a
high concentration of Methane.
51. Alternative Fuels overview
Ethanol- an alcohol fuel made from crops
(generally corn and sugar cane). It can be
used alone or blended with gasoline (flexfuel).
Conventional Ice’s can run on 10% ethanol,
while flex fuel vehicles can run on 85% (E85).
How do you tell if a vehicle is a FlexFuel?
52. Alternative Fuels overview
Methanol- another alcohol fuel, but made
from wood. Like ethanol, it can be used alone
or blended with gasoline. It is extremely
poisonous and is considered an
environmental hazard.
What vehicle uses Methanol?
53. Alternative Fuels overview
Methanol- another alcohol fuel, but made
from wood. Like ethanol, it can be used alone
or blended with gasoline. It is extremely
poisonous and is considered an
environmental hazard.
What vehicle uses Methanol?
54. Alternative Fuels overview
Biodiesel- a fuel that can be burned only in
diesel vehicles. Biodiesel is made from plant
oils (soybean, sunflower, peanut, and canola)
or animal fats. Conventional Diesel vehicles
can run on anything from 2% to 100% (The
new Ford 6.7 is rated at B20, or 20%
biodiesel).
55. Alternative Fuels overview
Renewable diesel- The new kid on the block,
also known as Biodiesel part duex.
Mostly the same as Biodiesel, but reacted
with Hydrogen instead of Methanol (also has
no oxygen so less reactive)
RD meets the standards of both ASTM D396
and ASTM D975 fuel oil specifications.
56. Alternative Fuels overview
Renewable Diesel derived from domestic
biological materials is considered an
alternative fuel under the Energy Policy act of
1992.
57. Alternative Fuels overview
Battery-powered electric vehicles- cars with
electric motors (no ICE or Fuel Cell) and
rechargeable batteries. The batteries are
recharged by plugging the vehicle into the
electrical grid (public utility network).
58. Alternative Fuels overview
Hybrid electric vehicle- cars that use an ICE
or a fuel cell in conjunction with one or more
electric motors and a rechargeable battery.
The battery is recharged internally by the
engine or the fuel cell.
59. Alternative Fuels overview
Hydrogen- a fuel that can be burned in an
ICE or chemically reacted in a fuel cell. The
vehicle must be able to accommodate a high-
pressure storage tank or have a means of
producing hydrogen.