The document provides an overview of alternative fuels for vehicles. It discusses why alternative fuels are used instead of traditional petroleum fuels, including lower costs and reduced environmental impacts. Various alternative fuel types are then summarized, such as ethanol, propane, natural gas, biogas, hydrogen fuel cells, electricity, and hybrid technologies. Challenges with certain fuels like hydrogen storage and electric vehicle battery capacity are also outlined. The presentation examines alternative fuels in different vehicle applications including passenger cars, buses, military vehicles, and experimental solar and multi-mode vehicles.
Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that could replace petrol and diesel, including electricity, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, propane, ethanol, methanol, and P-series fuels. For each fuel, the document outlines some key advantages and disadvantages. It notes that while alternative fuels like electricity, biodiesel, and ethanol are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, issues remain around things like infrastructure, production costs, and land usage. The conclusion states that alternative fuels provide efficient and environmentally-safe options as fossil fuel reserves become exhausted.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
This document discusses fuel cell vehicles. It begins by explaining that a fuel cell vehicle uses a fuel cell to generate electricity from hydrogen to power an electric motor. It then discusses the components of fuel cells and different types. It notes that while fuel cell vehicles emit fewer pollutants than gas vehicles, the production of hydrogen can create pollution. The document goes on to discuss the improved efficiency and range of modern fuel cell vehicles as well as codes and standards. It concludes by arguing that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles should be aggressively pursued despite challenges, in order to protect the environment.
This document discusses various eco-friendly fuels including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, biodiesel, electricity, and hydrogen. It provides details on what each fuel is, how it is produced, its environmental benefits compared to traditional fuels like petroleum, and current or potential uses. The fuels listed can have less environmental impact than traditional fossil fuels and some are produced from renewable sources.
Fuel Cell Technologies
The document summarizes information about fuel cell technologies. It discusses how hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be used as an energy carrier. It then provides details on how fuel cells work, including that they emit only clean water. The document compares fuel cells to batteries and provides specifications for fuel cells in cars. It notes that fuel cell cars refuel in 3-7 minutes, have emissions of only clean water, and are quiet and efficient like conventional cars. The document also discusses the development of fuel cell technologies over the last 20 years and increasing adoption of hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles and buses.
This document discusses various types of eco-friendly vehicles as alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. It notes that hybrid cars capture energy from braking to power the vehicle using batteries, and can run solely on electric power for periods of time. Biodiesel is introduced as a blend of vegetable oil and diesel that can be used in existing diesel engines. Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel. Solar-powered electric cars can recharge batteries using solar panels on the roof while driving. Eco-friendly vehicles produce fewer emissions, use less fossil fuels and materials, and have lower maintenance costs than regular cars. Major automakers are making these options more affordable to increase customer demand.
- Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources, commonly an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s), to propel the vehicle.
- The first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan in 1997. Two years later the Honda Insight became the first hybrid sold in the United States.
- Hybrids can help address issues of climate change, air pollution, and oil dependence by greatly increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that could replace petrol and diesel, including electricity, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, propane, ethanol, methanol, and P-series fuels. For each fuel, the document outlines some key advantages and disadvantages. It notes that while alternative fuels like electricity, biodiesel, and ethanol are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, issues remain around things like infrastructure, production costs, and land usage. The conclusion states that alternative fuels provide efficient and environmentally-safe options as fossil fuel reserves become exhausted.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
This document discusses fuel cell vehicles. It begins by explaining that a fuel cell vehicle uses a fuel cell to generate electricity from hydrogen to power an electric motor. It then discusses the components of fuel cells and different types. It notes that while fuel cell vehicles emit fewer pollutants than gas vehicles, the production of hydrogen can create pollution. The document goes on to discuss the improved efficiency and range of modern fuel cell vehicles as well as codes and standards. It concludes by arguing that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles should be aggressively pursued despite challenges, in order to protect the environment.
This document discusses various eco-friendly fuels including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, biodiesel, electricity, and hydrogen. It provides details on what each fuel is, how it is produced, its environmental benefits compared to traditional fuels like petroleum, and current or potential uses. The fuels listed can have less environmental impact than traditional fossil fuels and some are produced from renewable sources.
Fuel Cell Technologies
The document summarizes information about fuel cell technologies. It discusses how hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be used as an energy carrier. It then provides details on how fuel cells work, including that they emit only clean water. The document compares fuel cells to batteries and provides specifications for fuel cells in cars. It notes that fuel cell cars refuel in 3-7 minutes, have emissions of only clean water, and are quiet and efficient like conventional cars. The document also discusses the development of fuel cell technologies over the last 20 years and increasing adoption of hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric vehicles and buses.
This document discusses various types of eco-friendly vehicles as alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. It notes that hybrid cars capture energy from braking to power the vehicle using batteries, and can run solely on electric power for periods of time. Biodiesel is introduced as a blend of vegetable oil and diesel that can be used in existing diesel engines. Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel. Solar-powered electric cars can recharge batteries using solar panels on the roof while driving. Eco-friendly vehicles produce fewer emissions, use less fossil fuels and materials, and have lower maintenance costs than regular cars. Major automakers are making these options more affordable to increase customer demand.
- Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources, commonly an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s), to propel the vehicle.
- The first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan in 1997. Two years later the Honda Insight became the first hybrid sold in the United States.
- Hybrids can help address issues of climate change, air pollution, and oil dependence by greatly increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in futureby rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles are types of vehicles that do not use gasoline. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity to power the vehicle, while electric vehicles use electricity stored in batteries. Both vehicle types have benefits like lower emissions but also challenges like lack of refueling infrastructure. Researchers are working to improve battery technologies and lower costs to increase the viability of electric vehicles for widespread adoption in the future.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in future by rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
This document compares fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles. It discusses the history and workings of fuel cell vehicles, which generate electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. It also covers the benefits of fuel cell vehicles like no tailpipe emissions and high efficiency. Challenges include high costs and lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure. Electric vehicles are also summarized, including their power from batteries and advantages like less maintenance, but shorter ranges between charges. The future of both technologies depends on improved batteries and fuel cells.
Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine in the late 19th century. Diesel engines work by compressing air and igniting fuel without a spark plug. They are commonly used to power generators and vehicles. While effective, diesel engines also produce harmful emissions and are more expensive than gasoline engines. Alternatives being explored for freight transport include electric, hybrid electric, hydraulic hybrid, natural gas, biodiesel, and propane options which aim to reduce emissions and improve efficiency.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion or pollution, producing only water and heat. They have the potential to power vehicles cleanly and efficiently. Key challenges include reducing the size, weight, and cost of fuel cell systems while improving durability, reliability, and the ability to process hydrocarbon fuels into hydrogen. Researchers are working to address these issues and apply fuel cell technology to transportation.
The document provides information about hybrid cars. It discusses that hybrid cars combine two power sources, usually a gasoline engine and electric motor. The electric motor assists the gasoline engine to improve fuel efficiency. Hybrid cars can be more than twice as fuel efficient as conventional gasoline vehicles. They capture energy during braking to charge the battery and do not need to be plugged in. The document summarizes the history and components of hybrid cars, including how they work, the engine, battery, electric motor, generator and transmission. Advanced technologies like regenerative braking and automatic engine start-stop are also covered.
This document discusses hydrogen as an element and energy source. It notes that hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, though it does not naturally occur as a gas. The document outlines several methods of hydrogen production and discusses its use in fuel cells to produce electricity and heat. It provides examples of hydrogen's use in transportation applications like cars, buses and rockets. The document also briefly discusses challenges to wider hydrogen adoption such as high production and infrastructure costs.
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. They work by using the electric motor for acceleration and braking and the gasoline engine for maintaining speed. This allows for regenerative braking that captures energy during braking to recharge the batteries. Hybrids get better gas mileage than conventional cars, with emissions reduced by 30-50%. Current hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
CL Energy is a company focused on clean energy and reducing emissions through technologies like hybrid vehicles. Their new model of hybrid car can run on hydrogen, transforming it into fuel to power the car while maintaining strong performance. Many major automakers are developing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as hydrogen allows production of electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. While hydrogen has advantages as the most abundant element and producing beneficial byproducts, there are also disadvantages like high costs of technology, dependence on other energy sources for production, and challenges with transportation and distribution.
Converting a Diesel Engine to Dual-Fuel Engine Using Natural GasABHAY TIWARI
Over the past many years, large numbers of car buyers have been opting for a petrol car with a compressed natural gas (CNG)
kit fitted by the company. The most important thing is that the petrol engines cause global warming by having a large amount
of toxic gases exhausted by the petrol cars. However, by the introduction of catalytic converters (a catalytic converter is a
vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox
reaction) we have been able to reduce the toxic emissions. Use of Catalytic converters in internal combustion engines fuelled
by either petrol or diesel, which reduces pollutants such as CO to a much less harmful gas, such as CO2. Because of this, a
catalyst car also consumes slightly more fuel, thus reducing its performance. However, by having these improvements, petrol
engine cars with catalysts still exhaust more CO and HC than cars with diesel engine, and by using a CNG kit there is are other
problem such as starting problems and jerks. Therefore, CNG kit is not as useful as it is expected to be. An alternative to this is
a diesel engine (dual fuel engine). However, a question arises that, Why Should one Choose a Diesel Powered dual fuel Engine
over other. So the answer is Diesel fuel contains more energy per litre than petrol. Thus, making more efficient than petrol
engine car. Diesel fuel contains no emissions of the regulated pollutants like (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides) which are quite less than those from petrol cars without a catalyst. Therefore, diesel engines are attracting greater
attention due to higher efficiency and cost effectiveness. Now, the main objective of this paper is to convert a diesel engine into
duel fuel engine with compressed natural gas, which will overcome the problem of cost and global warming. This paper
presents a dual fuel system for diesel-natural gas operation for a diesel engine, and analysis of the operating characteristics of
the engine.
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to electric mobility and power utilities. It notes that 93% of transportation energy comes from fossil fuels that will be depleted by 2050. Electric vehicles can help address this by providing an alternative with no emissions or pollution. However, electric mobility faces challenges related to battery technology, vehicle range, and grid infrastructure. Smart grids and vehicle-grid integration can help optimize electric vehicle charging. Future developments aim to improve batteries and charging solutions to make electric mobility more viable and sustainable.
This document summarizes key aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It discusses how hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources like solar and wind. It describes how hydrogen fuel cells work to produce electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. Some benefits of these vehicles are quick refueling times and long ranges. Challenges include limited refueling infrastructure and energy losses during hydrogen production. The document concludes that hydrogen fuel cell technology has potential as a sustainable transportation fuel if renewable energy is used to produce the hydrogen.
Hydrogen fuel cells are a clean, reliable, and efficient source of electricity that use hydrogen as fuel and produce only water and heat as byproducts. Fuel cells work like batteries but do not run down or need recharging as long as fuel is supplied. There are several types of fuel cells including polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, and alkaline fuel cells. Fuel cells find applications in stationary power sources, portable power devices, vehicles, and more due to their reliability and efficiency.
This document discusses zero-emission fuel cell vehicles. It notes that while electric, solar, and hybrid vehicles are currently available, they have limitations. Fuel cell vehicles run on hydrogen and produce only water emissions, with no pollutants. Several automakers are developing fuel cell technology further. Issues include a lack of hydrogen infrastructure and high costs, but fuel cells are seen as a promising technology for sustainable transportation if these challenges can be addressed.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in futureby rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles are types of vehicles that do not use gasoline. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity to power the vehicle, while electric vehicles use electricity stored in batteries. Both vehicle types have benefits like lower emissions but also challenges like lack of refueling infrastructure. Researchers are working to improve battery technologies and lower costs to increase the viability of electric vehicles for widespread adoption in the future.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in future by rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
This document compares fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles. It discusses the history and workings of fuel cell vehicles, which generate electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. It also covers the benefits of fuel cell vehicles like no tailpipe emissions and high efficiency. Challenges include high costs and lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure. Electric vehicles are also summarized, including their power from batteries and advantages like less maintenance, but shorter ranges between charges. The future of both technologies depends on improved batteries and fuel cells.
Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine in the late 19th century. Diesel engines work by compressing air and igniting fuel without a spark plug. They are commonly used to power generators and vehicles. While effective, diesel engines also produce harmful emissions and are more expensive than gasoline engines. Alternatives being explored for freight transport include electric, hybrid electric, hydraulic hybrid, natural gas, biodiesel, and propane options which aim to reduce emissions and improve efficiency.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion or pollution, producing only water and heat. They have the potential to power vehicles cleanly and efficiently. Key challenges include reducing the size, weight, and cost of fuel cell systems while improving durability, reliability, and the ability to process hydrocarbon fuels into hydrogen. Researchers are working to address these issues and apply fuel cell technology to transportation.
The document provides information about hybrid cars. It discusses that hybrid cars combine two power sources, usually a gasoline engine and electric motor. The electric motor assists the gasoline engine to improve fuel efficiency. Hybrid cars can be more than twice as fuel efficient as conventional gasoline vehicles. They capture energy during braking to charge the battery and do not need to be plugged in. The document summarizes the history and components of hybrid cars, including how they work, the engine, battery, electric motor, generator and transmission. Advanced technologies like regenerative braking and automatic engine start-stop are also covered.
This document discusses hydrogen as an element and energy source. It notes that hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, though it does not naturally occur as a gas. The document outlines several methods of hydrogen production and discusses its use in fuel cells to produce electricity and heat. It provides examples of hydrogen's use in transportation applications like cars, buses and rockets. The document also briefly discusses challenges to wider hydrogen adoption such as high production and infrastructure costs.
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on various alternative fuels including ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, methanol, and biodiesel. Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass. Natural gas can be used as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. Propane is produced as a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear, or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Electricity can power hybrid or electric vehicles. Methanol is made from natural gas or renewable resources and used in fuel cells. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil, and can be blended with
The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. They work by using the electric motor for acceleration and braking and the gasoline engine for maintaining speed. This allows for regenerative braking that captures energy during braking to recharge the batteries. Hybrids get better gas mileage than conventional cars, with emissions reduced by 30-50%. Current hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
CL Energy is a company focused on clean energy and reducing emissions through technologies like hybrid vehicles. Their new model of hybrid car can run on hydrogen, transforming it into fuel to power the car while maintaining strong performance. Many major automakers are developing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as hydrogen allows production of electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. While hydrogen has advantages as the most abundant element and producing beneficial byproducts, there are also disadvantages like high costs of technology, dependence on other energy sources for production, and challenges with transportation and distribution.
Converting a Diesel Engine to Dual-Fuel Engine Using Natural GasABHAY TIWARI
Over the past many years, large numbers of car buyers have been opting for a petrol car with a compressed natural gas (CNG)
kit fitted by the company. The most important thing is that the petrol engines cause global warming by having a large amount
of toxic gases exhausted by the petrol cars. However, by the introduction of catalytic converters (a catalytic converter is a
vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox
reaction) we have been able to reduce the toxic emissions. Use of Catalytic converters in internal combustion engines fuelled
by either petrol or diesel, which reduces pollutants such as CO to a much less harmful gas, such as CO2. Because of this, a
catalyst car also consumes slightly more fuel, thus reducing its performance. However, by having these improvements, petrol
engine cars with catalysts still exhaust more CO and HC than cars with diesel engine, and by using a CNG kit there is are other
problem such as starting problems and jerks. Therefore, CNG kit is not as useful as it is expected to be. An alternative to this is
a diesel engine (dual fuel engine). However, a question arises that, Why Should one Choose a Diesel Powered dual fuel Engine
over other. So the answer is Diesel fuel contains more energy per litre than petrol. Thus, making more efficient than petrol
engine car. Diesel fuel contains no emissions of the regulated pollutants like (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides) which are quite less than those from petrol cars without a catalyst. Therefore, diesel engines are attracting greater
attention due to higher efficiency and cost effectiveness. Now, the main objective of this paper is to convert a diesel engine into
duel fuel engine with compressed natural gas, which will overcome the problem of cost and global warming. This paper
presents a dual fuel system for diesel-natural gas operation for a diesel engine, and analysis of the operating characteristics of
the engine.
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to electric mobility and power utilities. It notes that 93% of transportation energy comes from fossil fuels that will be depleted by 2050. Electric vehicles can help address this by providing an alternative with no emissions or pollution. However, electric mobility faces challenges related to battery technology, vehicle range, and grid infrastructure. Smart grids and vehicle-grid integration can help optimize electric vehicle charging. Future developments aim to improve batteries and charging solutions to make electric mobility more viable and sustainable.
This document summarizes key aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It discusses how hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources like solar and wind. It describes how hydrogen fuel cells work to produce electricity from hydrogen to power electric motors. Some benefits of these vehicles are quick refueling times and long ranges. Challenges include limited refueling infrastructure and energy losses during hydrogen production. The document concludes that hydrogen fuel cell technology has potential as a sustainable transportation fuel if renewable energy is used to produce the hydrogen.
Hydrogen fuel cells are a clean, reliable, and efficient source of electricity that use hydrogen as fuel and produce only water and heat as byproducts. Fuel cells work like batteries but do not run down or need recharging as long as fuel is supplied. There are several types of fuel cells including polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, and alkaline fuel cells. Fuel cells find applications in stationary power sources, portable power devices, vehicles, and more due to their reliability and efficiency.
This document discusses zero-emission fuel cell vehicles. It notes that while electric, solar, and hybrid vehicles are currently available, they have limitations. Fuel cell vehicles run on hydrogen and produce only water emissions, with no pollutants. Several automakers are developing fuel cell technology further. Issues include a lack of hydrogen infrastructure and high costs, but fuel cells are seen as a promising technology for sustainable transportation if these challenges can be addressed.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
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Mobile Interfaces:
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Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
5. Alternative Fuel Vehicle
An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on
a fuel other than "traditional" petroleum fuels; and
also refers to any technology of powering an engine
that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric
car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar powered).
A converted vehicle is one that was originally designed
to operate on gasoline or diesel and has been altered
to run on an alternative fuel.
Altering vehicles to run on compressed natural gas
(CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are the two
most common types of alternative fuel vehicle
conversions.
5
6. Why Alternative Fuels?
Cost of conventional fuels.
In some cases, alternative fuels are more
environmentally friendly.
Some alternative fuels are more energy
efficient.
8. Transportation Share of
Emissions
Still a major contributor, despite
reductions in new vehicle emissions
achieved over the last decade
CO
NOx
Lead
VOCs
CO2
Particulates
79%
53%
13%
44%
33%
25%
SO2
7%
9. 9
Alternative Fuels
Alcohol Fuels –Ethanol
LPG
Natural Gas (CNG)
Biogas
Hydrogen fuel cell
Electricity
Hybrid
Solar powered
Synthetic Fuels
10. 10
Ethanol
Ethanol is also known
as ethyl alcohol. It’s
the alcohol in beer,
wine, rum, vodka, etc.
Ethanol was used to
fuel some of the first
automobiles.
11. Ethanol
Alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting
and distilling starch crops or cellulose
Most commonly used to increase octane and improve
the emissions quality of gasoline.
Can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend
of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
An excellent, clean-burning fuel, has a higher octane
rating (over 100) and burns cooler than gasoline.
12. HENRY FORD VIEWS
When Henry Ford told a New York Times reporter that
ethyl alcohol was “the fuel of the future” in 1925, he was
expressing an opinion that was widely shared in the
automotive industry.
“The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like
that sumac out by the road, or from apples, weeds, —
almost anything,”
he said. “There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter
that can be fermented. There’s enough alcohol in one
year’s yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machine’s
necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years.”1
12
13. It looks like Henry was just a half century
ahead of his time!
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14. 14
Ethanol Vehicles
Low GHGs
Less Reactive
Subsidy Required
to be Cost
Competitive
Ford Taurus Chrysler Minivan
Ford Ranger
15. 15
Ethanol-based Alternative Fuel: E85
Gasoline with ethanol is still gasoline. It's not an alternative
fuel.
An increasing number of new vehicles can use E85 (15%
gasoline, 85% ethanol), which is an alternative fuel.
17. Propane
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a
popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles because
there is already an infrastructure of pipelines, processing
facilities, and storage for its efficient distribution.
LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than gasoline.
Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas
processing and crude oil refining.
The cost of a gasoline-litre equivalent of propane is
generally less than that of gasoline.
18. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
CNG is made by compressing natural gas
(which is mainly composed of methane, to
less than 1% of the volume it occupies at
standard atmospheric pressure.
It is stored and distributed in hard
containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar
(2900–3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or
spherical shapes.
Can be used in both SI and CI engines.
18
20. CNG vs LPG
CNG
More economical
Kit more expensive
More wear and tear on
engine
Safer in case of leakage-
lighter than air
Does not contaminate
and dilute the crankcase
oil
LPG
Higher Calorific Value
Easily Available
Wears out piston heads
with heavy loads
Stored at lower pressures
Non-corrosive and free of
tetra-ethyl lead or any
additives
20
21. Biogas
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or
fermentation of biodegradable materials such as
biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green
waste, plant material and energy crops.
This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and
carbon dioxide.
Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and
used to power motor vehicles.
Biogas is completely odourless and the risk of fire or
explosion is less than for other fuels.
Sweden, Denmark and Germany are the biggest users
of biogas for cars, buses and trains. 21
23. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel
that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal
fats, or recycled restaurant greases.
Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air
pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may
require certain engine modifications to avoid
maintenance and performance problems and may not
be suitable for wintertime use.
Need to heat storage tanks in colder climates to
prevent the fuel from gelling
24. What is a Fuel Cell?
A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device that
combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as its by-
product.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process-
two to three times more efficient than fuel
burning.
It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not
run down nor does it require recharging.
As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will
produce both energy and heat.
26. How can Fuel Cell technology be used?
Individual fuel cells can be placed in
a series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system
to power a vehicle.
Automakers and experts speculate
that a fuel cell vehicle will be
commercialized soon.
Fuel cell buses are currently in use
in North and South America,
Europe, Asia and Australia.
Trains, planes, boats, scooters,
forklifts and even bicycles are
utilizing fuel cell technology as well.
27. Main challenge-hydrogen
Fuel Cells require highly purified hydrogen as a fuel.
Need to produce hydrogen economically from a variety of resources in
environmentally friendly ways.
Developing safe, reliable, compact and cost-effective hydrogen storage is
one of the biggest challenges to widespread use of fuel cell technology.
If the hydrogen is compressed and stored at room temperature under
moderate pressure, too large a fuel tank would be required.
Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank than gaseous hydrogen, but
liquefying hydrogen is complicated and not energy efficient.
Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive to heat and expands significantly
when warmed by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulation required
affects the weight and volume that can be stored.
If the hydrogen is compressed and cryogenically frozen it will take up a very
small amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it must be kept super-
cold (around -120 to -196 degrees Celsius).
28. Electricity
Vehicles that operate only on electricity require
no warm-up, run almost silently and have
excellent performance up to the limit of their
range.
Pure electric cars still have limited range.
Batteries have a limited storage capacity and
their electricity must be replenished by
plugging the vehicle into an electrical source.
Electric Vehicles have lower "fuel" and
maintenance costs than gasoline-powered
vehicles.
29. Electric Vehicles
Electricity is unique among the alternative fuels in that
mechanical power is derived directly from it, whereas
the other alternative fuels release stored chemical
energy through combustion to provide mechanical
power.
Batteries commonly provide electricity used to power
vehicles, but fuel cells are also being explored.
Batteries are energy storage devices, but unlike
batteries, fuel cells convert chemical energy to
electricity.
The maintenance costs for EVs is less-EVs have fewer
moving parts to service and replace.
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37. What is a Hybrid Car?
A hybrid car is a vehicle that runs on not only gasoline
but a rechargeable battery.
A petrol-electric hybrid car has both an electric motor
and a gasoline motor, it also consists of a rechargeable
battery for the electric engine.
The fuel in the car is used to power the petrol engine
and the electric batteries supply power to the car’s
electric motors.
Some of the new hybrids are now converting kinetic
energy into electric energy to power than batteries.
38.
39. Features
Saving of fuel
When the car is stopped the kinetic energy
gained is stored in the battery and used later
Less exhaust therefore environment friendly
High cost
Heavy because of heavy batteries used in
these cars
Risky in accidents because of the high voltage
electric circuits
40. Solar Cars
A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar
energy obtained from solar panels on the car.
The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic
solar cells converting sunlight into electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's energy
directly into electrical energy.
Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with
efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use
silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty
percent.
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44. Multi-mode Cars
French car company Venturi has made one of
the most publicized efforts with its unveiling of
the Eclectic model prototype at the 2006 Paris
Auto Show.
The Eclectic combines solar, wind and battery
power to run a three-passenger car specifically
for city driving.
Solar panels cover its roof, and a wind turbine
can also catch energy on windy days.
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47. Issues - Fuels for Military Vehicles
Strategic . Implies reduced reliance on foreign energy
resources.
Operational. Requires developing efficient technologies that
can support combat capability needed for future operations
without increased fuel consumption or logistics and support
limitations.
Fiscal. Efficient energy consumption. Inability to control
increased energy costs from fuel and supporting infrastructure
diverts resources.
Environmental . Ability to conduct military operations and
activities in a manner that protects the environment while
supporting national security objectives and maintaining
operational readiness.
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49. 4x4 hybrid electric drive vehicle with integrated stealth and survivability
features.
The diesel engine powers a 110kW permanent magnet generator that drives
four 50kW ors permanent magnetic hub motors, mounted one in each of
the Shadow's four wheel hubs.
The power generation system also includes twin Li-Ion battery packs with
total rated output of 20kW hours and a peak power output of 80kW.
In stealth mode the Shadow can be powered by battery only which provides
a significant reduction in acoustic and thermal signatures.
During rapid acceleration or maximum torque for steep gradients or to
recharge the battery pack, operated in hybrid mode using power from the
diesel engine and taking energy from or returning it to the batteries as
needed.
The elimination of the conventional mechanical drive train allows the vehicle
interior to have the same cubic storage as a HMMWV and still fit within the
V-22 envelope.
Built-in redundancy in the motor design allows the Shadow's commander
the option to continue a maneuver or return to a place of safety on a single
wheel motor. 49
50. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Modification
The U.S. Army is trying to use hydrogen fuel-cell technology on
the M1 Abrams battle tank
Fuel cells can power a significant portion of the tank’s
computing equipment, battle command technologies, sensors
and other electronic equipment.
The ultimate goal would be to figure out a way to power entire
fleets of military vehicles with fuel cells that use non-petroleum
sources.
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52. Synthetic Fuels
Since only liquid fossil fuel can power the military's vehicles for the
foreseeable future, the US is focused on using bio-fuels such as ethanol and
biodiesel and synthetic fuels as potential replacements.
The use of biodiesel in military ground combat vehicles is doubtful due to
questions over the long-term stability of the fuel, its tendency to gel in cold
weather, and other concerns.
Synthetic fuel is generally designed to behave much like conventional fuel—
requiring little or no change in the equipment that uses it or the
infrastructure for storing and distributing it—which makes it highly desirable.
Even as syn-fuels could reduce reliance on foreign sources of oil, they are
worse for the environment. Although syn-fuels burn cleaner, emit no SO2,
and pollute much less than conventional jet fuel, yet the full conversion
process from coal to liquid creates 1.8 times more carbon than simply
refining petroleum.
The base cost of this fuel is up to 10 times that of conventional fuel.
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