1. Engineering Responses to Changing Climate Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University

5. 21st Century’s Emissions ??? Atmo-sphere 2000 Ocean Plants Coal Oil, Gas, Tars & Shales Methane Hydrates        pH < 0.3 39,000 Gt 50,000 Gt ??? Soil & Detritus 1800 constant Scales of Potential Carbon Sinks Carbon Resources Carbon Sources and Sinks 0 Gt 8,000 Gt 7,000 Gt 6,000 Gt 5,000 Gt 4,000 Gt 3,000 Gt 2,000 Gt 1,000 Gt 20th Century 2  3  4 

6. 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon 50% increase in biomass Methane Hydrates 10,000 - 100,000 GtC The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks World Fossil Resource Estimate 21st century emissions 8000 GtC 4  3  1  2  5  1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times current rate of emission???? 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date

7. Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth EIA Data for 2002 Norway USA France UK Brazil Russia India China $0.38/kWh (primary)

11. 10 - 30 TeraWatt Primary Energy of Carbon Neutral 2050

14. Fossil Fuels Energy in 2100 need not be more expensive than today Environment Rather Than Resource Limit Carbon Capture and Storage - Untested Technology

15. Carbon as Low Cost Energy Rogner 1997

16. Net Zero Carbon Economy Capture of distributed emissions CO 2 extraction from air Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources electricity or hydrogen Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

17. Underground Injection statoil

18. Storage Life Time 5000 Gt of C 200 years at 4 times current rates of emission Storage Slow Leak (0.04%/yr) 2 Gt/yr for 2500 years Current Emissions: 6Gt/year

19. Rockville Quarry Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + 3CO 2 (g)  3MgCO 3 + 2SiO 2 +2H 2 O(l) +63kJ/mole

20. CO 2 N 2 H 2 O SO x , NO x and other Pollutants Carbon Air Zero Emission Principle Solid Waste Power Plant

21. Air Extraction can compensate for CO 2 emissions anywhere Art Courtesy Stonehaven CCS, Montreal 2NaOH + CO 2  Na 2 CO 3

22. Hydrogen or Air Extraction Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil Hydrogen Gasoline Consumption Consumption Distribution Distribution CO 2 Transport Air Extraction CO 2 Disposal

23. Hydrogen or Air Extraction Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil Hydrogen Gasoline Consumption Consumption Distribution Distribution CO 2 Transport Air Extraction CO 2 Disposal Cost comparisons

24. Energy Source Energy Consumer H 2 O H 2 O O 2 O 2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles H 2 CO 2 CO 2 H 2 CH 2

25. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H

26. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H

27. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H