Mei Chi Lo, profile picture
Uploaded byMei Chi Lo
PPT, PDF21,864 views

12 alternative fuels.pdf

This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 683 times
Lecture 11: Tr anspor tation, Petroleum Use, and Alter natives Guest Lecture: Anthony Eggert Prof. Dan Sperling November 13, 2012 Fall Quarter 2012 Energy and Environmental Aspects of Transportation Civil and Environmental Engineering (ECI) 163 Environmental Science and Policy (ESP) 163
Lecture Outline • Recap and completion of petroleum slides – 10 facts about transportation and oil use – Summary of key issues • Alternative fuels in transportation – Fuel, vehicle characteristics – Available alternatives to petroleum – Impacts on emissions, energy – Policy strategies
11 Facts of Oil (recap of earlier lecture) 1. Transportation uses over 1/4 of all energy in the U.S. 2. Transportation uses over half of the world’s oil production 3. Transportation depends almost exclusively on petroleum 4. U.S. domestic oil production has declined and imports have increased 5. World vehicle population (and therefore oil use) is increasing at a rapid rate 6. World oil price is expected to “peak” “soon” 7. Most of world oil is owned by gov’t-controlled oil companies (~80%) 8. The world is NOT running out of hydrocarbon energy 9. Unconventional Oil Has Large(r) Environmental Costs including carbon and other emissions (externalities) 10. Oil resources unevenly distributed 11. Demand is inelastic and prices are erratic
Snapshot of US Petroleum Use • Transportation consumes 28% of U.S. energy • Transportation is 93% fueled by oil in the U.S • Transportation uses 67% of U.S. oil • U.S. oil consumption is 18.8 million barrels/day (~22% of world consumption) • U.S. oil consumption is 55% imported (declining)  So what’s the problem? Sources: Davis, Diegel, Boundy (2012). Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31. USEIA (March 2012). Monthly Energy Review
Problems of Petroleum Dependence • Economic – We depend on a resource for which our domestic supply is limited – Transfer of wealth ($200-400 bill/yr) from U.S. to foreign countries – Oil price shocks have wider impacts on the economy – Estimated cost to US economy is $2Trillion from 2005-2010 (Greene) • Geopolitics – Most world petroleum is held by government-controlled oil companies (~80%) – Many oil-producing countries can be politically unstable, undemocratic – Some are using petro-dollars for politically disruptive purposes (especially in Venezuela, Iran) – Military expenditures for defending oil supplies – High oil costs are especially disruptive to poorer countries • Environmental – Environmental externalities from petroleum combustion including local pollution and climate change – Unconventional oil options produce higher CO2 emissions and have other large environmental costs  Near exclusive dependence on oil means transition to alternatives is likely to be challenging
Pres. Bush’s 2006 State of the Union “America is addicted to oil … The best way to break this addiction is through technology ... We must … change how we power our automobiles. We will increase our research in better batteries for hybrid and electric cars, and in pollution-free cars that run on hydrogen. We'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn, but from wood chips and stalks, or switch grass.” (Applause.)
Energy Independence? http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-june-16-2010/an-energy-independent-future
Source: Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
The Real Problem Source: Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
What does oil dependence cost? 1. Loss of potential GDP = producers’ & consumers’ surplus losses in oil markets (dynamic). 2. Dislocation losses of GDP due to oil price shocks. 3. Transfer of wealth due to monopoly pricing and price shocks (requires counterfactual competitive price). Estimate - $2Trillion from 2005-2012 Source: Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
On Alternatives to Oil… “ The Stone Age did not end for lack of stone, and the Oil Age will end long before the world runs out of oil” – Sheikh Zaki Yamani 1970s and ’80s Saudi Arabian oil minister
W hich vehicle/fuel alter native will win? Electric? Hybrid/PHEV? Biofuel? Nat. Gas / Fuel Cell? Bio-methane? Other?
“Ener g y Car rier” ADHD* • 30 year s ago – Synfuels (oil shale, coal) • 25 year s ago – Methanol • 18 year s ago – Electricity (Batter y EVs) • 8 year s ago – Hydrogen (Fuel cells) • 4 year s ago – Ethanol/Biofuels • Today – Electricity again (EV+PHEV ) • Next year ? *Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination of these. (Source: US National Library for Medicine)
Many Possible Policy Approaches and Many Possible Low Carbon Fuels 14
Alternative Fuels and Vehicles There are many complex paths by which we can get diverse primary energy sources on-board our vehicles. Energy carriers, fuels for Vehicle Technologies transportation Primary energy Gasoline combustion Coal-to-liquid sources Diesel combustion Gasoline Coal Hybrid gasoline-electric Diesel Petroleum Flex-fuel ethanol-gasoline Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Natural gas Flex-fuel biodiesel-diesel Compressed natural gas (CNG) Solar Plug-in hybrid electric Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Wind LPG/LNG Electricity Geothermal CNG Hydrogen Nuclear Electric Ethanol Agricultural crops Hydrogen combustion Biodiesel Waste Hydrogen fuel cell Biobutanol
Alternative Fuels and Vehicles There are many complex paths by which we can get diverse primary energy sources on-board our vehicles. Energy carriers, fuels for Vehicle Technologies transportation Primary energy Gasoline combustion Coal-to-liquid sources Diesel combustion Gasoline Coal Fossil-based fuels Hybrid gasoline-electric Diesel Petroleum Flex-fuel ethanol-gasoline Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Natural gas Flex-fuel biodiesel-diesel Compressed natural gas (CNG) Solar Plug-in hybrid electric Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Wind LPG/LNG Electricity Geothermal CNG Hydrogen Nuclear Electric Ethanol Agricultural crops Hydrogen combustion Biodiesel Waste Hydrogen fuel cell Biofuels Biobutanol Versatile energy carriers
Many Ways of Producing Biofuels - production pathways
Many ways of producing hydrogen (and electricity) Nuclear Coal Methanol Farm Wind Coal Ethanol Solar Gasification Electrolysis Fossil Fuel of water Reformation Fossil Fuels H Y D R O GEN Tar Sands Natural Gas Steam BioHydrogen Reformation Biomass G asification Fossil Landfills Fuels Algae Leafy Plants Wood Chips Agricultural Waste Source: Sperling and Gordon, 2009
Vehicles to Utilize Alternative fuels Volkswagen Jetta (Diesel) Tesla Roadster Toyota Prius GM’s Volt (Plug-in Hybrid) (electric) (Hybrid gas-electric, plug-in) Honda Civic GX CNG Honda FCX Clarity BMW Hydrogen 7 (hydrogen fuel cell)
Evaluation Criteria • Costs • Safety • Local pollution • GHGs • Performance • “Utility” • Availability of energy distribution infrastructure • Energy supply
Fuel Considerations (performance and utility) Properties of fuels and energy carriers Mass Volume energy energy State Fuel or energy carrier density density (at STP) • Critical alternative (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) fuel considerations Gasoline 46 34 Liquid – Chemical, physical, Diesel 46 37 Liquid and energy characteristics Ethanol 30 24 Liquid – Refueling time E85 33 26 Liquid – Availability of Biodiesel 42 33 Liquid inexpensive primary Natural gas (3600 psi) 50 10 Gas energy sources LPG propane 50 25 Liquid Hydrogen (5000 psi) 143 5.6 Gas Electric (PB-acid) 0.09-0.11 0.14-0.17 Solid Electric (NiMH) 0.22 0.36 Solid Electric (Lithium-ion) 0.54-0.72 0.9-1.9 Solid
Estimated Gasoline-Equivalent Costs of Alternative Liquid Fuels 2-14
Cost of alternatives (fuels/vehicle) Source: USDOE, 2011
Infrastructure Number of fueling stations in the U.S., 2012 • Potential Fuel or energy carrier Stations infrastructure issues: – Primary resource Gasoline ~121,446 location Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 2,652 – Fuel properties Ethanol (E85) 2,544 – Distribution system: pipeline, freight, etc Compressed natural gas (CNG) 1,091 – Refueling stations Biodiesel (B20 or greater) 679 Electricity 12,761 • Minimize problems Hydrogen 58 with city-by-city approach Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 58 Sources: US DOE, updated 08/25/2012.http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html US Census (2012).
Diesel Vehicles • Current status: Fuel widely available Limited light-duty vehicle options ~10 models Volkswagen, BMW, Jeep, Mercedes • Requirements – Fuel: Widely available Volkswagen Jetta – Vehicle: Compression ignition engine, exhaust treatment • Costs – Fuel: Approximately same as gasoline – Vehicle: Can be expensive: $1000 to $4000 more per vehicle • Issues/bonuses: Getting diesel emissions as low as gasoline Better performance • Energy impacts: 15-30% energy/petrol reduction due to efficiency • Air Quality impacts: Can be even with gasoline (with mor e expensive exhaust tr eatment) • GHG impact: 15-30% reduction Mercedes-Benz BLUETEC
CNG Vehicles • Current status: Natural gas is widely available (but not as CNG) Very limited light-duty vehicle options (1 model) Honda Civic GX NGV • Requirements – Fuel: Must be in pressurized (3600 psi) form – Vehicle: Fuel storage tank, engine, fuel system Honda Civic GX NGV • Costs – Fuel: Natural gas is ~50% cheaper per energy unit – Vehicle: Can be expensive: $5,000+ more per vehicle • Issues/bonuses: Cleaner: Lower emission control cost • Energy impacts: ~100% reduction in petroleum use Roughly same energy use as conventional vehicle • Air Quality impacts: 60-90% reductions of NOx, HC, CO, PM (for trucks) • GHG impact: 20-25% reduction Methane (a GHG…) leakage is an issue
Ethanol Vehicles • Current status: Widely available – all vehicles are E10-capable Millions of “flex-fuel” vehicle are E85-capable 10% of U.S. motor vehicle fuel in 2012* • Requirements – Fuel: Cheap agricultural feedstock (like corn) – Vehicle: Up to E10 – none; E85 - minor modifications • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than gasoline (depending on world oil price) – Vehicle: E10 - free; E85 - minor (<$400/vehicle) • Issues: Sources: Cellulosic, “Advanced,” “Second Generation” biofuels Indirect impacts: land use effect due to cropland expansion • Energy impacts: Reductions in overall energy use: 10-20% reduction per gallon displaced (corn-derived) 50-80% reduction per gallon displaced (sugarcane-derived) 70-90% reduction per gallon displaced (cellulosic/waste-derived) • Air Quality impacts: Modest HC, NMOG, NOx reductions • GHG impact: 10-20% reduction to 100%+ increase (corn-derived) 70-90% reduction to 50%+ increase (cellulosic/waste-derived) *Source: Renewable Fuels Association (2012). Accelerating Industry Innovation – 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook.
Biodiesel Vehicles • Current status: Limited by low numbers of diesel vehicles (~10 models) All diesel vehicles are B20-capable Total biodiesel production is <500 million gallon/yr Straight vegetable oil (SVO) requires vehicle modifications • Requirements – Fuel: Cheap agricultural feedstock (waste oils, virgin oils (soy)) – Vehicle: Up to B20 – none; E85 - minor modifications • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than diesel (depending on world oil price) Volkswagen (Diesel, B20-capable) – Vehicle: B20 - free; >B20 - minor modifications; SVO • Issues: Sources: Crop- vs. Waste-derived (greases, animal fats) Indirect impacts: land use effect due to cropland expansion • Energy impacts: 50-80% reduction in energy use per gallon diesel displaced • Air Quality impacts: Modest HC, NMOG, PM reductions; mixed NOx results • GHG impact: 50-80% reduction to 100%+ increase with land use effects
Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles • Current status: Chevy Volt first ‘large production’ plug-in hybrid ( approx 1,000/month) Toyota Prius plus introduce in March 2012 Others coming in 2012/2013 • Requirements – Fuel: Recharging stations (home, work, other) Toyota Prius (retrofit plug-in hybrid) – Vehicle: Energy-dense inexpensive battery pack (Lithium Ion?) • Costs – Fuel: Electricity is cheaper (>50%) per energy unit than petroleum – Vehicle: Incremental cost $5,000 to $10,000 per vehicle (?) • Issues: How many miles will be on grid electricity? Where does electricity come from? Battery technology (Lithium-Ion?) and cost GM Volt (PHEV40, 2010) • Energy impacts: ~20-40% reduction (if never uses grid electricity) ~35-60% reduction (if commonly uses grid electricity) • Air Quality impacts: Small reduction (if never use grid electricity) Major reductions in local (on-vehicle) emissions Saturn Vue (PHEV10, 2010) • GHG impact: 20-60% reduction (depending on use of grid electricity)
Electric Vehicles • Current status: Here in small numbers: neighborhood vehicles Nissan Leaf first 'large production' vehicles (~1,000/month).   Other small volume production include (for example): Tesla Roadster, Model S; Fisker; Toyota Rav4, Honda Fit EV, Ford Focus EV • Requirements – Fuel: Recharging stations (home, work, other) – Vehicle: Energy-dense, inexpensive battery pack (Lithium Ion?) Tesla Roadster • Costs (2008/9) – Fuel: Electricity is cheaper (>80%) per energy unit than petroleum – Vehicle: Premium of greater than $10,000 per full-size vehicle… Smaller neighborhood vehicles (~$10k GEM) • Issues: Where does electricity come from? Battery technology (Lithium-Ion?) and cost Refueling time of several hours Smart EV (2010) • Energy impacts: Vehicles far more efficient (~75% vs. ~20%) 100% petroleum reduction ~30-60% overall energy reduction (depends on elec. sources…) • Air Quality impacts: ~Zero local (on-vehicle) emissions Can offer major reductions in overall emissions GEM (2008) • GHG impact: ~30-60% reduction (depending on energy sources)
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Hydrogen: an energy carrier that can be derived from many sources Fuel cell: an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy to useful electrical work Fuel cell (PEM) Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle Source: Dana Corporation H2 + O2  H2O + Fuel cell stack Compressed Energy hydrogen storage
H2 Fuel Cell Vehicles • Current status: Prototype/Demonstration phase: (100s of vehicles being tested) Vehicles in showrooms 2014-2016 including from Toyota, Hyundai, Daimler, GM Assuming adequate infrastructure exists ~60 hydrogen (H2) stations in the U.S. • Requirements – Fuel: Strategic infrastructure development – Vehicle: Inexpensive fuel cell stack, hydrogen storage Honda FCX Clarity (hydrogen fuel cell) • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than gasoline (only at high world oil price) – Vehicle: Very high for current small volume ($10k/month for UCD lease!) • Issues: Where hydrogen comes (it is a versatile energy carrier) Fuel cell vehicle costs (platinum, hydrogen storage) • Energy impacts: ~0% reduction (coal as energy source) ~50% reduction (distributed natural gas-reformation) ~90% reduction (renewable primary energy source) • Air Quality impacts: ~Zero local (on-vehicle) emissions Major reductions in overall emissions (if coal not energy source) • GHG impact: 50-90% reduction (depending on energy source)
Evaluation Criteria • Costs • Safety • Local pollution • GHGs (life cycle) • Performance • “Utility” • Availability of energy distribution infrastructure • Energy supply
Miscellaneous • My office hours (esp concerning paper #2) – Today 3:15-4:30 – TH 3:15-4:45 • Paper #2 due next tues • Guest speakers TH (NRDC and oil company)
Fuel Lifecycle – Gasoline 73 g/MJ 7 14 g/MJ g/MJ 1 1 g/MJ g/MJ Oil Well Refinery Vehicle Transportat Transportat ion ion Gasoline 96 gCO2- eq/MJ
Fuel Lifecycle – Corn Ethanol Emissions 36 38 are g/MJ g/MJ Offset 2 3 Corn Field g/MJ Bio-Refinery g/MJ Vehicles Transportation Transportat ion Blend with gasoline 30 g/MJ -12 g/MJ Land Use Corn Ethanol Change 65-105 gCO2-eq/MJ Co-products
Biofuel Impacts • What are the processes that created Corn the biofuel?  Clear land for farming  Harvest, mill crop  Ferment, distillation Sugarcane  Transport • Alternative fuels must be assessed on a life-cycle basis: – Systems approach – Upstream emissions – Upstream energy – Varying results, depending on feedstock and process… Source: Based on Wang (2007), GREET
GHG Emissions of Alt Fuels Various advanced vehicle technologies have the potential to reduce life-cycle vehicle GHG emission by 23-66% by 2030. Vehicle cycle Fuel upstream Vehicle energy use Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions (g CO2/km) 23% 26% 29% 300 41% 41% 43% 66% 200 100 0 e e l) l id c ) p) se ue lin lin tri no br ro e ec so id so hy ha Di ,c es el ga ga et s ic -in s- ,r nt n nt ga ug lo sic or rre ie lu Pl (c id lo f ic el Cu br lu 5* (c Ef el Hy E8 5* (c E8 5 E8 Vehicle technology Source: Adapted from Bandivadekar et al, 2007.
Major Alternative Fuel Policies in US • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 – Supported alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (grants, tax credits, research and development, fleet funding, etc) • Renewable Fuel Standard (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007) – Blending subsidies: Ethanol $0.51/gal, Biodiesel $0.50-1.00/gal. – Mandate for 35 billion gallon of biofuels in transportation fuels by 2022 • Vehicle purchasing – Tax deductions for EVs and PHEVs • State and local programs – Biofuel mandates in many U.S. states (E10, B2, B5) – California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate (electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells, plug-in hybrids) – California’s Low-Carbon Fuel Standard
Many Possible Policy Approaches and Many Possible Low Carbon Fuels • Volumetric mandates – e.g. US Renewable Fuel Standard • Fuel subsidies – eg, corn ethanol and biodiesel • Market instruments – carbon taxes or cap and trade • Low carbon fuel standard 40
RFS (national) • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates the use of 35 billion gallon of biofuels in U.S. transportation fuels by 2022
RFS Details [new slide] • Imposed on oil companies • Only targets biofuels • GHG emissions of corn etoh must be 20+% better than gasoline (including ILUC, but only for “new” plants) • GHG emissions of cellulosic must be 50+% better than gasoline • EPA can give waivers for cellulosic fuels if they are not available (and have done so)
What is LCFS Performance based: GHG intensity target for transport fuels E × CI n ∑ Total GHG emission i i AFCI ( gCO2 - eq/MJ ) = n i ∑ E × EER i i i Total transportation fuels produced/displaced Lifecycle measurement for “carbon intensity” Regulated parties are transport energy suppliers (oil providers, plus others who want to earn credits, such as biofuel, electricity, NG and H2 providers) All transport fuels are included Harnesses market forces: Allows trading of credits among fuel suppliers, which stimulates investment and continuing innovation in low-carbon fuels 43
California LCFS Program Adopted April 2009, took effect Jan 2010 Applies to on-road transport fuels Excludes air and maritime (where California has limited authority) Separate targets for gasoline and diesel (10% reduction for each) Allows trading between these two targets Default measurements and opt-in procedure for each activity in energy chain Encourages further innovation and investment in low-carbon practices Refinements still in progress Rules on “sustainability” Lifecycle calculations for additional energy paths 44
LCFS is Spreading (updated) EU moving toward an LCFS; its “Fuel Quality Directive” is very similar to California LCFS (amended Dec 2008) 11 northeastern and mid-Atlantic states signed a MOU in January 2009 committing to cooperate in developing a regional LCFS Early version of Waxman-Markey climate bill contained an LCFS One proposal for combining LCFS and RFS 0% target until 2022 for LCFS: Would operate parallel to RFS until 2022 If fully implemented, RFS would reduce GHG intensity by 4.6% in 2022 In 2023, LCFS and RFS rolled together, with 5% GHG-intensity reduction target In 2030, target would increase to 10% 45
Key Challenges of an Expanded LCFS 1) Indirect land use change 2) Leakage and shuffling 3) Energy security 4) Environmental and social sustainability 46
Challenge 1. Indirect Land Use Change When lands with rich soil and biomass carbon deposits are initially converted to agricultural production, a large amount of carbon is emitted. Massive consumption of biofuels in the U.S. leads to expansion of cultivated land area in and outside of the US (to replace diverted ag production) These iLUC effects cannot be directly observed or easily measured 47
Magnitude of ILUC (initial CARB Estimates) 100 Direct GHG emission Indirect GHG emission 90 80 10% below the current average fuel GHG intensity 70 60 50 40 30 20 M 10 O C g J 2 e ( ) / 0 - l -C w o o cn r B -m n h S o ea n b y o a e t o u -c e s n g u e c a i l -s r -cv n o a e W l i t n o i c r v d g v V D U e a e a s L r r b u d n h S i t m o a y r c e G N s C t j f ) ( l i g n o e f r ) ( i G R C F n o e a s E ) ( i l o n h E a h o n a l t l t C E E H o n h n o y a a c e u n g o d y f r a e l t i t l s w U r l t d u o E e a s o n h f r a i t l l t m G N C u d p o a e s r l t Error bars represent range of direct lifecycle emissions using different technologies, feedstocks, and energy sources. Uncertainty of iLUC emissions are not shown, but are much larger than uncertainties of direct emissions. 48
Issues with iLUC How to handle this scientific uncertainty?? If we ignore it, we are assigning a value of zero, which we know is incorrect. Controversial because this is first time a carbon value has been assigned to land use changes Next: beef and agriculture?? Corn ethanol interests are opposed to iLUC because it makes corn ethanol less attractive. Scientific uncertainty gives opponents (such as oil refiners) an excuse to oppose it (for reasons other than self interest) Better ways to handle iLUC?
Challenge 2. Leakage and Shuffling Concern: Regulated parties export high-carbon fuels to non- LCFS countries Canada exports oil sands to China instead of using in US/Canada Iowa sends high-carbon ethanol to Canada Thus, no net benefit? Questions for discussion: How likely are these concerns to occur? What are the magnitude of the impacts? What if carbon policies are implemented in EU and Canada? Is concern for leakage and shuffling a legitimate reason for doing nothing? 50
Challenge 3. Energy Security LCFS responds to climate goals (by reducing GHGs), but more mixed effect on energy security Encourages use of alt fuels and thus increases energy security But also discourages production of fuels from oil sands, heavy oil, oil shale, and coal How to adjust LCFS to be responsive to energy security? Reduce target Other? Note 1: LCFS does not ban oil sands (which has ~15% higher GHGs on lifecycle basis than gasoline from oil). Note 2: LCFS encourages more efficient production of oil sands, and use of lower carbon process energy (nuclear energy? CCS?) 51
Challenge 4. “Sustainability” of Fuels Many environmental and social impacts: Food vs fuel: increased demand for SOME biofuels puts pressure on food prices Water: many fuel processes use large amounts of water Encourages use of land including forests and “degraded lands”? Encourages deforestation, harms indigenous people (in Asia, Brazil) Many (especially the EU, NGOs, and industry groups) are working on “sustainability standards” 1/12/2009 52
Integration with National RFS? 40 National Renewable Fuel Standard Requirement 96 35 95 30 94 25 M 2e J ) / 20 93 15 G B n o 92 s a O l i C A g F ( I 10 91 Equivalent to LCFS target of 5 5% reduction by 2022 0 90 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Conventional biofuel Cellulosic biofuel Biomass based biodiesel Other advanced biofuel AFCI Phase out RFS and replace with LCFS (as proposed in early Waxman-Markey bill), but do it sooner than 2023 Convert assigned GHG requirements for each RFS fuel category into LCFS format 53
My piggy bank after I bought gasoline this morning...
LCFS Summary LCFS appears to be most effective policy for orchestrating transition to low carbon fuels Includes all fuels and is fuel neutral Performance standard Relies on market forces Durable framework for reducing long-term GHG emissions for transport Transforming US RFS into a federal LCFS would provide additional flexibility and incentives for innovation LCFS adopted in California before opposing political interests were fully marshalled Political opposition is strong discomfort with iLUC (and makes it more difficult to meet targets) some conflicts with energy security, corn ethanol companies and oil refiners don’t like it Enviros concerned about “sustainability” impacts 55
Conclusions • Many associated problems with the prevailing petroleum- based transportation system: – Economic costs – Environmental costs • Alternative fuel vehicle technologies offer… – Promising solutions in terms of reductions in air quality emissions, greenhouse emissions, petroleum use, overall energy use – Trade-offs in vehicle and fuel attributes (vehicle cost, fuel cost, vehicle performance, consumer acceptability, resource availability, driving range, refueling station availability) • Policies to orchestrate the transition are controversial. LCFS is best policy option? It won’t be easy!!
Extra slides
Dif ficulty of Transitioning to most pr omising alter native fuels Sperling and Gordon, 2009 58
Proved Reserves Source: Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012

More Related Content

PPTX
Alternative fuels and their uses
byiqbal_abbas93
 
PPTX
Design of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine with Fuel Regeneration and Ener...
bySameer Shah
 
PPTX
Hydrogen: The Future Fuel
byMahmud Hasan
 
PPTX
presentation on alternative fuels
byHarsh Gupta
 
PPTX
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
byDebajyoti Bose
 
PPT
ALTERNATIVE FUELS ETHAOL &AND METHANOL
bysathish sak
 
PPTX
Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Technology For A Sustainable Future
byGavin Harper
 
PPTX
Alternative Fuel
byK_Terry
 
Alternative fuels and their uses
byiqbal_abbas93
 
Design of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine with Fuel Regeneration and Ener...
bySameer Shah
 
Hydrogen: The Future Fuel
byMahmud Hasan
 
presentation on alternative fuels
byHarsh Gupta
 
Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
byDebajyoti Bose
 
ALTERNATIVE FUELS ETHAOL &AND METHANOL
bysathish sak
 
Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Technology For A Sustainable Future
byGavin Harper
 
Alternative Fuel
byK_Terry
 

What's hot

PPTX
alternateFuels
byKanthi Janapreddy
 
PDF
Alternative fuels_ thiru
byarasu
 
PPTX
Alternative fuel
byNizam Anuar
 
PPTX
Alternative fuels
byraxit varmora
 
PPTX
Alternate fules
byatri patel
 
PPTX
OAT- 551 Automotive System - Alternative fuel Introduction
byS. Sathishkumar
 
PPTX
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using an ultrasonic tabular re...
byBabluShaikh3
 
PPTX
Alternative Fuels
byS.Vijaya Bhaskar
 
PPTX
Alternative Fuels for Automobile
byToppo Simon
 
PPTX
Alternative fuels
byHimanshu Dwivedi
 
PPT
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View
byS. Sathishkumar
 
PPTX
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINE
byraj kumar
 
PPTX
Alternative Fuels
byFarhad Ali
 
PPTX
Biodiesel Seminar Presentation
byS.Vijaya Bhaskar
 
PDF
Ethanol Blended Petrol and Diesel
byahmdfurkan
 
PPTX
Biofuel Presentation
byevs390
 
PPTX
Alternate fuels ppt
byrakesh amanta
 
PPTX
HYdrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
byShubham Dubey
 
PPT
alternative fuels for automobiles
bysanjuxavier
 
PPTX
Hydrogen fuel cell Technology
byjignesh parmar
 
alternateFuels
byKanthi Janapreddy
 
Alternative fuels_ thiru
byarasu
 
Alternative fuel
byNizam Anuar
 
Alternative fuels
byraxit varmora
 
Alternate fules
byatri patel
 
OAT- 551 Automotive System - Alternative fuel Introduction
byS. Sathishkumar
 
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using an ultrasonic tabular re...
byBabluShaikh3
 
Alternative Fuels
byS.Vijaya Bhaskar
 
Alternative Fuels for Automobile
byToppo Simon
 
Alternative fuels
byHimanshu Dwivedi
 
Automotive System : Alternative fuel Over View
byS. Sathishkumar
 
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINE
byraj kumar
 
Alternative Fuels
byFarhad Ali
 
Biodiesel Seminar Presentation
byS.Vijaya Bhaskar
 
Ethanol Blended Petrol and Diesel
byahmdfurkan
 
Biofuel Presentation
byevs390
 
Alternate fuels ppt
byrakesh amanta
 
HYdrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
byShubham Dubey
 
alternative fuels for automobiles
bysanjuxavier
 
Hydrogen fuel cell Technology
byjignesh parmar
 

Similar to 12 alternative fuels.pdf

PPTX
Alternate Fuels
bypradhansushil
 
PDF
OBC | Sustainability of automobile fuels
byOut of The Box Seminar
 
DOC
Alternatefuels.doc
byAnupam952230
 
PPTX
Alternative fuels
byCraig Kielb
 
PPTX
America's Dependency on oil and the need for alternative
byHenry Moreno Alvarez
 
PPTX
Energy sources power point-Notes
byMark_Waters
 
PDF
Ports plains hagood-final
byNgy Ea
 
PDF
Making Renewable Fuel by Carbon Recycling - KC Tran - Carbon Recycling Intern...
byBurton Lee
 
PPTX
Concepts of economic attributes part 2
byINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Delhi
 
PPTX
Concepts of economic attributes part 2
byINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Delhi
 
PDF
WIND ENERGY ~ NAFTA Institute ~ Praxis Strategy Group Presentation 6 12 09
bydroby
 
PPTX
57.-Alternative-and-Emerging-Fuels_23Sep2020 (1).pptx
byKartikThakkar24
 
PPTX
Alcohol and Biodiesels and Vegetables oil as fuels.pptx
byLawrenceNdam
 
PDF
Yms.payson energy and sd.2012
byYomayra Martinó
 
PPTX
Microeconomics Project (Vehicles of the Future)
bysgupta29
 
PPT
Renewable energy sources
byTrnka
 
PDF
China automotive energy research center brief rr advisory committee ditan lab...
bySteve Wittrig
 
PDF
Rt1 gunsel.s shell sl
byMichelin Challenge Bibendum
 
PPT
Document 19
bySai Chand
 
PPTX
D:\Semester\5th Sem\Ppt\Alternative Fuels
byAIT
 
Alternate Fuels
bypradhansushil
 
OBC | Sustainability of automobile fuels
byOut of The Box Seminar
 
Alternatefuels.doc
byAnupam952230
 
Alternative fuels
byCraig Kielb
 
America's Dependency on oil and the need for alternative
byHenry Moreno Alvarez
 
Energy sources power point-Notes
byMark_Waters
 
Ports plains hagood-final
byNgy Ea
 
Making Renewable Fuel by Carbon Recycling - KC Tran - Carbon Recycling Intern...
byBurton Lee
 
Concepts of economic attributes part 2
byINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Delhi
 
Concepts of economic attributes part 2
byINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Delhi
 
WIND ENERGY ~ NAFTA Institute ~ Praxis Strategy Group Presentation 6 12 09
bydroby
 
57.-Alternative-and-Emerging-Fuels_23Sep2020 (1).pptx
byKartikThakkar24
 
Alcohol and Biodiesels and Vegetables oil as fuels.pptx
byLawrenceNdam
 
Yms.payson energy and sd.2012
byYomayra Martinó
 
Microeconomics Project (Vehicles of the Future)
bysgupta29
 
Renewable energy sources
byTrnka
 
China automotive energy research center brief rr advisory committee ditan lab...
bySteve Wittrig
 
Rt1 gunsel.s shell sl
byMichelin Challenge Bibendum
 
Document 19
bySai Chand
 
D:\Semester\5th Sem\Ppt\Alternative Fuels
byAIT
 

More from Mei Chi Lo

PDF
Lecture+12+topology+2013 (3)
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
Lecture7 forests
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
01a intro eci163-1
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
20+wrap+up 1
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
11 cunningham
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
05 trans energy_analysis (2)
byMei Chi Lo
 
PPT
14 15 vmt_sb375-1
byMei Chi Lo
 
Lecture+12+topology+2013 (3)
byMei Chi Lo
 
Lecture7 forests
byMei Chi Lo
 
01a intro eci163-1
byMei Chi Lo
 
20+wrap+up 1
byMei Chi Lo
 
11 cunningham
byMei Chi Lo
 
05 trans energy_analysis (2)
byMei Chi Lo
 
14 15 vmt_sb375-1
byMei Chi Lo
 

12 alternative fuels.pdf

  • 1.
    Lecture 11: Tr ansportation, Petroleum Use, and Alter natives Guest Lecture: Anthony Eggert Prof. Dan Sperling November 13, 2012 Fall Quarter 2012 Energy and Environmental Aspects of Transportation Civil and Environmental Engineering (ECI) 163 Environmental Science and Policy (ESP) 163
  • 2.
    Lecture Outline • Recapand completion of petroleum slides – 10 facts about transportation and oil use – Summary of key issues • Alternative fuels in transportation – Fuel, vehicle characteristics – Available alternatives to petroleum – Impacts on emissions, energy – Policy strategies
  • 3.
    11 Facts ofOil (recap of earlier lecture) 1. Transportation uses over 1/4 of all energy in the U.S. 2. Transportation uses over half of the world’s oil production 3. Transportation depends almost exclusively on petroleum 4. U.S. domestic oil production has declined and imports have increased 5. World vehicle population (and therefore oil use) is increasing at a rapid rate 6. World oil price is expected to “peak” “soon” 7. Most of world oil is owned by gov’t-controlled oil companies (~80%) 8. The world is NOT running out of hydrocarbon energy 9. Unconventional Oil Has Large(r) Environmental Costs including carbon and other emissions (externalities) 10. Oil resources unevenly distributed 11. Demand is inelastic and prices are erratic
  • 4.
    Snapshot of USPetroleum Use • Transportation consumes 28% of U.S. energy • Transportation is 93% fueled by oil in the U.S • Transportation uses 67% of U.S. oil • U.S. oil consumption is 18.8 million barrels/day (~22% of world consumption) • U.S. oil consumption is 55% imported (declining)  So what’s the problem? Sources: Davis, Diegel, Boundy (2012). Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 31. USEIA (March 2012). Monthly Energy Review
  • 5.
    Problems of PetroleumDependence • Economic – We depend on a resource for which our domestic supply is limited – Transfer of wealth ($200-400 bill/yr) from U.S. to foreign countries – Oil price shocks have wider impacts on the economy – Estimated cost to US economy is $2Trillion from 2005-2010 (Greene) • Geopolitics – Most world petroleum is held by government-controlled oil companies (~80%) – Many oil-producing countries can be politically unstable, undemocratic – Some are using petro-dollars for politically disruptive purposes (especially in Venezuela, Iran) – Military expenditures for defending oil supplies – High oil costs are especially disruptive to poorer countries • Environmental – Environmental externalities from petroleum combustion including local pollution and climate change – Unconventional oil options produce higher CO2 emissions and have other large environmental costs  Near exclusive dependence on oil means transition to alternatives is likely to be challenging
  • 6.
    Pres. Bush’s 2006State of the Union “America is addicted to oil … The best way to break this addiction is through technology ... We must … change how we power our automobiles. We will increase our research in better batteries for hybrid and electric cars, and in pollution-free cars that run on hydrogen. We'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn, but from wood chips and stalks, or switch grass.” (Applause.)
  • 7.
  • 8.
    Source: Greene, “LowCarbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
  • 9.
    The Real Problem Source:Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
  • 10.
    What does oildependence cost? 1. Loss of potential GDP = producers’ & consumers’ surplus losses in oil markets (dynamic). 2. Dislocation losses of GDP due to oil price shocks. 3. Transfer of wealth due to monopoly pricing and price shocks (requires counterfactual competitive price). Estimate - $2Trillion from 2005-2012 Source: Greene, “Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012
  • 11.
    On Alternatives toOil… “ The Stone Age did not end for lack of stone, and the Oil Age will end long before the world runs out of oil” – Sheikh Zaki Yamani 1970s and ’80s Saudi Arabian oil minister
  • 12.
    W hich vehicle/fuelalter native will win? Electric? Hybrid/PHEV? Biofuel? Nat. Gas / Fuel Cell? Bio-methane? Other?
  • 13.
    “Ener g yCar rier” ADHD* • 30 year s ago – Synfuels (oil shale, coal) • 25 year s ago – Methanol • 18 year s ago – Electricity (Batter y EVs) • 8 year s ago – Hydrogen (Fuel cells) • 4 year s ago – Ethanol/Biofuels • Today – Electricity again (EV+PHEV ) • Next year ? *Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination of these. (Source: US National Library for Medicine)
  • 14.
    Many Possible PolicyApproaches and Many Possible Low Carbon Fuels 14
  • 15.
    Alternative Fuels andVehicles There are many complex paths by which we can get diverse primary energy sources on-board our vehicles. Energy carriers, fuels for Vehicle Technologies transportation Primary energy Gasoline combustion Coal-to-liquid sources Diesel combustion Gasoline Coal Hybrid gasoline-electric Diesel Petroleum Flex-fuel ethanol-gasoline Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Natural gas Flex-fuel biodiesel-diesel Compressed natural gas (CNG) Solar Plug-in hybrid electric Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Wind LPG/LNG Electricity Geothermal CNG Hydrogen Nuclear Electric Ethanol Agricultural crops Hydrogen combustion Biodiesel Waste Hydrogen fuel cell Biobutanol
  • 16.
    Alternative Fuels andVehicles There are many complex paths by which we can get diverse primary energy sources on-board our vehicles. Energy carriers, fuels for Vehicle Technologies transportation Primary energy Gasoline combustion Coal-to-liquid sources Diesel combustion Gasoline Coal Fossil-based fuels Hybrid gasoline-electric Diesel Petroleum Flex-fuel ethanol-gasoline Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Natural gas Flex-fuel biodiesel-diesel Compressed natural gas (CNG) Solar Plug-in hybrid electric Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Wind LPG/LNG Electricity Geothermal CNG Hydrogen Nuclear Electric Ethanol Agricultural crops Hydrogen combustion Biodiesel Waste Hydrogen fuel cell Biofuels Biobutanol Versatile energy carriers
  • 17.
    Many Ways ofProducing Biofuels - production pathways
  • 18.
    Many ways ofproducing hydrogen (and electricity) Nuclear Coal Methanol Farm Wind Coal Ethanol Solar Gasification Electrolysis Fossil Fuel of water Reformation Fossil Fuels H Y D R O GEN Tar Sands Natural Gas Steam BioHydrogen Reformation Biomass G asification Fossil Landfills Fuels Algae Leafy Plants Wood Chips Agricultural Waste Source: Sperling and Gordon, 2009
  • 19.
    Vehicles to UtilizeAlternative fuels Volkswagen Jetta (Diesel) Tesla Roadster Toyota Prius GM’s Volt (Plug-in Hybrid) (electric) (Hybrid gas-electric, plug-in) Honda Civic GX CNG Honda FCX Clarity BMW Hydrogen 7 (hydrogen fuel cell)
  • 20.
    Evaluation Criteria • Costs • Safety • Local pollution • GHGs • Performance • “Utility” • Availability of energy distribution infrastructure • Energy supply
  • 21.
    Fuel Considerations (performance and utility) Properties of fuels and energy carriers Mass Volume energy energy State Fuel or energy carrier density density (at STP) • Critical alternative (MJ/kg) (MJ/L) fuel considerations Gasoline 46 34 Liquid – Chemical, physical, Diesel 46 37 Liquid and energy characteristics Ethanol 30 24 Liquid – Refueling time E85 33 26 Liquid – Availability of Biodiesel 42 33 Liquid inexpensive primary Natural gas (3600 psi) 50 10 Gas energy sources LPG propane 50 25 Liquid Hydrogen (5000 psi) 143 5.6 Gas Electric (PB-acid) 0.09-0.11 0.14-0.17 Solid Electric (NiMH) 0.22 0.36 Solid Electric (Lithium-ion) 0.54-0.72 0.9-1.9 Solid
  • 22.
    Estimated Gasoline-Equivalent Costsof Alternative Liquid Fuels 2-14
  • 23.
    Cost of alternatives(fuels/vehicle) Source: USDOE, 2011
  • 24.
    Infrastructure Number of fuelingstations in the U.S., 2012 • Potential Fuel or energy carrier Stations infrastructure issues: – Primary resource Gasoline ~121,446 location Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 2,652 – Fuel properties Ethanol (E85) 2,544 – Distribution system: pipeline, freight, etc Compressed natural gas (CNG) 1,091 – Refueling stations Biodiesel (B20 or greater) 679 Electricity 12,761 • Minimize problems Hydrogen 58 with city-by-city approach Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 58 Sources: US DOE, updated 08/25/2012.http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/stations_counts.html US Census (2012).
  • 25.
    Diesel Vehicles • Current status: Fuel widely available Limited light-duty vehicle options ~10 models Volkswagen, BMW, Jeep, Mercedes • Requirements – Fuel: Widely available Volkswagen Jetta – Vehicle: Compression ignition engine, exhaust treatment • Costs – Fuel: Approximately same as gasoline – Vehicle: Can be expensive: $1000 to $4000 more per vehicle • Issues/bonuses: Getting diesel emissions as low as gasoline Better performance • Energy impacts: 15-30% energy/petrol reduction due to efficiency • Air Quality impacts: Can be even with gasoline (with mor e expensive exhaust tr eatment) • GHG impact: 15-30% reduction Mercedes-Benz BLUETEC
  • 26.
    CNG Vehicles • Current status: Natural gas is widely available (but not as CNG) Very limited light-duty vehicle options (1 model) Honda Civic GX NGV • Requirements – Fuel: Must be in pressurized (3600 psi) form – Vehicle: Fuel storage tank, engine, fuel system Honda Civic GX NGV • Costs – Fuel: Natural gas is ~50% cheaper per energy unit – Vehicle: Can be expensive: $5,000+ more per vehicle • Issues/bonuses: Cleaner: Lower emission control cost • Energy impacts: ~100% reduction in petroleum use Roughly same energy use as conventional vehicle • Air Quality impacts: 60-90% reductions of NOx, HC, CO, PM (for trucks) • GHG impact: 20-25% reduction Methane (a GHG…) leakage is an issue
  • 27.
    Ethanol Vehicles • Current status: Widely available – all vehicles are E10-capable Millions of “flex-fuel” vehicle are E85-capable 10% of U.S. motor vehicle fuel in 2012* • Requirements – Fuel: Cheap agricultural feedstock (like corn) – Vehicle: Up to E10 – none; E85 - minor modifications • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than gasoline (depending on world oil price) – Vehicle: E10 - free; E85 - minor (<$400/vehicle) • Issues: Sources: Cellulosic, “Advanced,” “Second Generation” biofuels Indirect impacts: land use effect due to cropland expansion • Energy impacts: Reductions in overall energy use: 10-20% reduction per gallon displaced (corn-derived) 50-80% reduction per gallon displaced (sugarcane-derived) 70-90% reduction per gallon displaced (cellulosic/waste-derived) • Air Quality impacts: Modest HC, NMOG, NOx reductions • GHG impact: 10-20% reduction to 100%+ increase (corn-derived) 70-90% reduction to 50%+ increase (cellulosic/waste-derived) *Source: Renewable Fuels Association (2012). Accelerating Industry Innovation – 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook.
  • 28.
    Biodiesel Vehicles • Current status: Limited by low numbers of diesel vehicles (~10 models) All diesel vehicles are B20-capable Total biodiesel production is <500 million gallon/yr Straight vegetable oil (SVO) requires vehicle modifications • Requirements – Fuel: Cheap agricultural feedstock (waste oils, virgin oils (soy)) – Vehicle: Up to B20 – none; E85 - minor modifications • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than diesel (depending on world oil price) Volkswagen (Diesel, B20-capable) – Vehicle: B20 - free; >B20 - minor modifications; SVO • Issues: Sources: Crop- vs. Waste-derived (greases, animal fats) Indirect impacts: land use effect due to cropland expansion • Energy impacts: 50-80% reduction in energy use per gallon diesel displaced • Air Quality impacts: Modest HC, NMOG, PM reductions; mixed NOx results • GHG impact: 50-80% reduction to 100%+ increase with land use effects
  • 29.
    Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles • Current status: Chevy Volt first ‘large production’ plug-in hybrid ( approx 1,000/month) Toyota Prius plus introduce in March 2012 Others coming in 2012/2013 • Requirements – Fuel: Recharging stations (home, work, other) Toyota Prius (retrofit plug-in hybrid) – Vehicle: Energy-dense inexpensive battery pack (Lithium Ion?) • Costs – Fuel: Electricity is cheaper (>50%) per energy unit than petroleum – Vehicle: Incremental cost $5,000 to $10,000 per vehicle (?) • Issues: How many miles will be on grid electricity? Where does electricity come from? Battery technology (Lithium-Ion?) and cost GM Volt (PHEV40, 2010) • Energy impacts: ~20-40% reduction (if never uses grid electricity) ~35-60% reduction (if commonly uses grid electricity) • Air Quality impacts: Small reduction (if never use grid electricity) Major reductions in local (on-vehicle) emissions Saturn Vue (PHEV10, 2010) • GHG impact: 20-60% reduction (depending on use of grid electricity)
  • 30.
    Electric Vehicles • Current status: Here in small numbers: neighborhood vehicles Nissan Leaf first 'large production' vehicles (~1,000/month).   Other small volume production include (for example): Tesla Roadster, Model S; Fisker; Toyota Rav4, Honda Fit EV, Ford Focus EV • Requirements – Fuel: Recharging stations (home, work, other) – Vehicle: Energy-dense, inexpensive battery pack (Lithium Ion?) Tesla Roadster • Costs (2008/9) – Fuel: Electricity is cheaper (>80%) per energy unit than petroleum – Vehicle: Premium of greater than $10,000 per full-size vehicle… Smaller neighborhood vehicles (~$10k GEM) • Issues: Where does electricity come from? Battery technology (Lithium-Ion?) and cost Refueling time of several hours Smart EV (2010) • Energy impacts: Vehicles far more efficient (~75% vs. ~20%) 100% petroleum reduction ~30-60% overall energy reduction (depends on elec. sources…) • Air Quality impacts: ~Zero local (on-vehicle) emissions Can offer major reductions in overall emissions GEM (2008) • GHG impact: ~30-60% reduction (depending on energy sources)
  • 31.
    Hydrogen Fuel CellVehicles Hydrogen: an energy carrier that can be derived from many sources Fuel cell: an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy to useful electrical work Fuel cell (PEM) Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle Source: Dana Corporation H2 + O2  H2O + Fuel cell stack Compressed Energy hydrogen storage
  • 32.
    H2 Fuel CellVehicles • Current status: Prototype/Demonstration phase: (100s of vehicles being tested) Vehicles in showrooms 2014-2016 including from Toyota, Hyundai, Daimler, GM Assuming adequate infrastructure exists ~60 hydrogen (H2) stations in the U.S. • Requirements – Fuel: Strategic infrastructure development – Vehicle: Inexpensive fuel cell stack, hydrogen storage Honda FCX Clarity (hydrogen fuel cell) • Costs – Fuel: Can be cheaper than gasoline (only at high world oil price) – Vehicle: Very high for current small volume ($10k/month for UCD lease!) • Issues: Where hydrogen comes (it is a versatile energy carrier) Fuel cell vehicle costs (platinum, hydrogen storage) • Energy impacts: ~0% reduction (coal as energy source) ~50% reduction (distributed natural gas-reformation) ~90% reduction (renewable primary energy source) • Air Quality impacts: ~Zero local (on-vehicle) emissions Major reductions in overall emissions (if coal not energy source) • GHG impact: 50-90% reduction (depending on energy source)
  • 33.
    Evaluation Criteria • Costs •Safety • Local pollution • GHGs (life cycle) • Performance • “Utility” • Availability of energy distribution infrastructure • Energy supply
  • 34.
    Miscellaneous • My officehours (esp concerning paper #2) – Today 3:15-4:30 – TH 3:15-4:45 • Paper #2 due next tues • Guest speakers TH (NRDC and oil company)
  • 35.
    Fuel Lifecycle –Gasoline 73 g/MJ 7 14 g/MJ g/MJ 1 1 g/MJ g/MJ Oil Well Refinery Vehicle Transportat Transportat ion ion Gasoline 96 gCO2- eq/MJ
  • 36.
    Fuel Lifecycle –Corn Ethanol Emissions 36 38 are g/MJ g/MJ Offset 2 3 Corn Field g/MJ Bio-Refinery g/MJ Vehicles Transportation Transportat ion Blend with gasoline 30 g/MJ -12 g/MJ Land Use Corn Ethanol Change 65-105 gCO2-eq/MJ Co-products
  • 37.
    Biofuel Impacts • What are the processes that created Corn the biofuel?  Clear land for farming  Harvest, mill crop  Ferment, distillation Sugarcane  Transport • Alternative fuels must be assessed on a life-cycle basis: – Systems approach – Upstream emissions – Upstream energy – Varying results, depending on feedstock and process… Source: Based on Wang (2007), GREET
  • 38.
    GHG Emissions ofAlt Fuels Various advanced vehicle technologies have the potential to reduce life-cycle vehicle GHG emission by 23-66% by 2030. Vehicle cycle Fuel upstream Vehicle energy use Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions (g CO2/km) 23% 26% 29% 300 41% 41% 43% 66% 200 100 0 e e l) l id c ) p) se ue lin lin tri no br ro e ec so id so hy ha Di ,c es el ga ga et s ic -in s- ,r nt n nt ga ug lo sic or rre ie lu Pl (c id lo f ic el Cu br lu 5* (c Ef el Hy E8 5* (c E8 5 E8 Vehicle technology Source: Adapted from Bandivadekar et al, 2007.
  • 39.
    Major Alternative FuelPolicies in US • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 – Supported alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (grants, tax credits, research and development, fleet funding, etc) • Renewable Fuel Standard (Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007) – Blending subsidies: Ethanol $0.51/gal, Biodiesel $0.50-1.00/gal. – Mandate for 35 billion gallon of biofuels in transportation fuels by 2022 • Vehicle purchasing – Tax deductions for EVs and PHEVs • State and local programs – Biofuel mandates in many U.S. states (E10, B2, B5) – California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate (electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cells, plug-in hybrids) – California’s Low-Carbon Fuel Standard
  • 40.
    Many Possible PolicyApproaches and Many Possible Low Carbon Fuels • Volumetric mandates – e.g. US Renewable Fuel Standard • Fuel subsidies – eg, corn ethanol and biodiesel • Market instruments – carbon taxes or cap and trade • Low carbon fuel standard 40
  • 41.
    RFS (national) • EnergyIndependence and Security Act of 2007 mandates the use of 35 billion gallon of biofuels in U.S. transportation fuels by 2022
  • 42.
    RFS Details [newslide] • Imposed on oil companies • Only targets biofuels • GHG emissions of corn etoh must be 20+% better than gasoline (including ILUC, but only for “new” plants) • GHG emissions of cellulosic must be 50+% better than gasoline • EPA can give waivers for cellulosic fuels if they are not available (and have done so)
  • 43.
    What is LCFS Performance based: GHG intensity target for transport fuels E × CI n ∑ Total GHG emission i i AFCI ( gCO2 - eq/MJ ) = n i ∑ E × EER i i i Total transportation fuels produced/displaced Lifecycle measurement for “carbon intensity” Regulated parties are transport energy suppliers (oil providers, plus others who want to earn credits, such as biofuel, electricity, NG and H2 providers) All transport fuels are included Harnesses market forces: Allows trading of credits among fuel suppliers, which stimulates investment and continuing innovation in low-carbon fuels 43
  • 44.
    California LCFS Program Adopted April 2009, took effect Jan 2010 Applies to on-road transport fuels Excludes air and maritime (where California has limited authority) Separate targets for gasoline and diesel (10% reduction for each) Allows trading between these two targets Default measurements and opt-in procedure for each activity in energy chain Encourages further innovation and investment in low-carbon practices Refinements still in progress Rules on “sustainability” Lifecycle calculations for additional energy paths 44
  • 45.
    LCFS is Spreading(updated) EU moving toward an LCFS; its “Fuel Quality Directive” is very similar to California LCFS (amended Dec 2008) 11 northeastern and mid-Atlantic states signed a MOU in January 2009 committing to cooperate in developing a regional LCFS Early version of Waxman-Markey climate bill contained an LCFS One proposal for combining LCFS and RFS 0% target until 2022 for LCFS: Would operate parallel to RFS until 2022 If fully implemented, RFS would reduce GHG intensity by 4.6% in 2022 In 2023, LCFS and RFS rolled together, with 5% GHG-intensity reduction target In 2030, target would increase to 10% 45
  • 46.
    Key Challenges ofan Expanded LCFS 1) Indirect land use change 2) Leakage and shuffling 3) Energy security 4) Environmental and social sustainability 46
  • 47.
    Challenge 1. IndirectLand Use Change When lands with rich soil and biomass carbon deposits are initially converted to agricultural production, a large amount of carbon is emitted. Massive consumption of biofuels in the U.S. leads to expansion of cultivated land area in and outside of the US (to replace diverted ag production) These iLUC effects cannot be directly observed or easily measured 47
  • 48.
    Magnitude of ILUC (initial CARB Estimates) 100 Direct GHG emission Indirect GHG emission 90 80 10% below the current average fuel GHG intensity 70 60 50 40 30 20 M 10 O C g J 2 e ( ) / 0 - l -C w o o cn r B -m n h S o ea n b y o a e t o u -c e s n g u e c a i l -s r -cv n o a e W l i t n o i c r v d g v V D U e a e a s L r r b u d n h S i t m o a y r c e G N s C t j f ) ( l i g n o e f r ) ( i G R C F n o e a s E ) ( i l o n h E a h o n a l t l t C E E H o n h n o y a a c e u n g o d y f r a e l t i t l s w U r l t d u o E e a s o n h f r a i t l l t m G N C u d p o a e s r l t Error bars represent range of direct lifecycle emissions using different technologies, feedstocks, and energy sources. Uncertainty of iLUC emissions are not shown, but are much larger than uncertainties of direct emissions. 48
  • 49.
    Issues with iLUC How to handle this scientific uncertainty?? If we ignore it, we are assigning a value of zero, which we know is incorrect. Controversial because this is first time a carbon value has been assigned to land use changes Next: beef and agriculture?? Corn ethanol interests are opposed to iLUC because it makes corn ethanol less attractive. Scientific uncertainty gives opponents (such as oil refiners) an excuse to oppose it (for reasons other than self interest) Better ways to handle iLUC?
  • 50.
    Challenge 2. Leakageand Shuffling Concern: Regulated parties export high-carbon fuels to non- LCFS countries Canada exports oil sands to China instead of using in US/Canada Iowa sends high-carbon ethanol to Canada Thus, no net benefit? Questions for discussion: How likely are these concerns to occur? What are the magnitude of the impacts? What if carbon policies are implemented in EU and Canada? Is concern for leakage and shuffling a legitimate reason for doing nothing? 50
  • 51.
    Challenge 3. EnergySecurity LCFS responds to climate goals (by reducing GHGs), but more mixed effect on energy security Encourages use of alt fuels and thus increases energy security But also discourages production of fuels from oil sands, heavy oil, oil shale, and coal How to adjust LCFS to be responsive to energy security? Reduce target Other? Note 1: LCFS does not ban oil sands (which has ~15% higher GHGs on lifecycle basis than gasoline from oil). Note 2: LCFS encourages more efficient production of oil sands, and use of lower carbon process energy (nuclear energy? CCS?) 51
  • 52.
    Challenge 4. “Sustainability”of Fuels Many environmental and social impacts: Food vs fuel: increased demand for SOME biofuels puts pressure on food prices Water: many fuel processes use large amounts of water Encourages use of land including forests and “degraded lands”? Encourages deforestation, harms indigenous people (in Asia, Brazil) Many (especially the EU, NGOs, and industry groups) are working on “sustainability standards” 1/12/2009 52
  • 53.
    Integration with NationalRFS? 40 National Renewable Fuel Standard Requirement 96 35 95 30 94 25 M 2e J ) / 20 93 15 G B n o 92 s a O l i C A g F ( I 10 91 Equivalent to LCFS target of 5 5% reduction by 2022 0 90 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Conventional biofuel Cellulosic biofuel Biomass based biodiesel Other advanced biofuel AFCI Phase out RFS and replace with LCFS (as proposed in early Waxman-Markey bill), but do it sooner than 2023 Convert assigned GHG requirements for each RFS fuel category into LCFS format 53
  • 54.
    My piggy bankafter I bought gasoline this morning...
  • 55.
    LCFS Summary LCFS appearsto be most effective policy for orchestrating transition to low carbon fuels Includes all fuels and is fuel neutral Performance standard Relies on market forces Durable framework for reducing long-term GHG emissions for transport Transforming US RFS into a federal LCFS would provide additional flexibility and incentives for innovation LCFS adopted in California before opposing political interests were fully marshalled Political opposition is strong discomfort with iLUC (and makes it more difficult to meet targets) some conflicts with energy security, corn ethanol companies and oil refiners don’t like it Enviros concerned about “sustainability” impacts 55
  • 56.
    Conclusions • Many associated problems with the prevailing petroleum- based transportation system: – Economic costs – Environmental costs • Alternative fuel vehicle technologies offer… – Promising solutions in terms of reductions in air quality emissions, greenhouse emissions, petroleum use, overall energy use – Trade-offs in vehicle and fuel attributes (vehicle cost, fuel cost, vehicle performance, consumer acceptability, resource availability, driving range, refueling station availability) • Policies to orchestrate the transition are controversial. LCFS is best policy option? It won’t be easy!!
  • 57.
  • 58.
    Dif ficulty ofTransitioning to most pr omising alter native fuels Sperling and Gordon, 2009 58
  • 59.
    Proved Reserves Source: Greene,“Low Carbon Transportation”, ARB Chairs Lecture, 2012

Editor's Notes

  • #13 10% blend of Corn Alcohol (ethanol) – 1933 The Lohner-Porsche, as it was called, was the first advanced electric car and the technological star of the 1900 Paris Auto Show. Ferdinand Porsche soon after developed the world’s first hybrid automobile when he added a combustion engine to recharge the electric car’s batteries. Developed by Ferdinand Porsche for Austrian royal carriage manufacturer, Jacob Lohner &amp; Co, the Lohner-Porsche Electric Voiturette System, with its futuristic electric wheel hub motors, was the world&apos;s first advanced electric car and led to the production of the first gas-electric hybrid car. On loan from the Technical Museum in Vienna, Austria, the Lohner-Porsche features a chassis and body made of wood and one internal-pole motor on each of the front-wheel hubs. The vehicle has a top speed of around 28 – 36 mph with the motors achieving an output of 2.5/3.5 hp with short bursts of 7 hp. Power is drawn from a forty-four cell 80-volt lead battery which enables approximately three hours use. Overall weight 2,160 lb. The vehicle was a 1966 GMC Handivan on the outside. The GM Electrovan was the brainchild of Dr. Craig Marks who headed up most of General Motors&apos; advanced engineering projects. Marks, along with a staff of 250, developed the Electrovan for over 2 years before attaining a drivable vehicle. The Union Carbide 5 kw fuel cell (rated at 1,000 hours of use) was able to propel the GM Electrovan for top speeds between 63 - 70 mph. The Electrovan also had a range of 120 miles, which was not too shabby for 1966. This awesome Volvo has been adapted by a fellow named Dutch John.  Believe it or not, but if one were to load up that silver apparatus on the back with burning wood chips, this car could run for 60 miles off the fumes.  That’s about the range for an electric car that you’d buy off a lot nowadays.
  • #14 US National Library for Medicine Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination of these.