The document discusses alternative fuels that can be used in vehicles with little modification to current engines. It describes some key alternative fuels like alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils/biodiesel, and gaseous fuels like natural gas that can help reduce emissions and reliance on crude oil. Alcohols in particular can be produced from biomass and waste and are discussed in detail, with their use in gasoline and potential for diesel engines. The document also outlines important parameters to consider for alternative fuels like energy density and ease of transportation and storage.

1. 2. Alternative Fuels
Need for alternative fuel.
 Various alternative fuels that
used with the current petrol or
diesel engine with little or no
modification.
 Reduce crude oil import bill.
 Alcohols, biodiesel can be
produced from biomass and
agricultural wastes.
 Electricity for battery can be
produced from solar and fuel
cells.

2. Alternative Fuels
 Alternative fuels reduce exhaust
emission
 Improve the environmental air
quality.
 Some alternative at a lower cost
compared to petroleum
products.

3. Alternative Fuels
Alternative fuel consider
parameters
1. High volumetric
2. Mass energy density
3. Ease of transportation
4. Long-storage life of fuel
5. Minimum handling
6. Distribution problems
7. Environmental compatibility:

4. Alternative Fuels
Alternative fuel
consideration parameters
-Manufacturer’s warranty
-Investment cost
-Modification of existing engines
 Simple modification
 Inexpensive,
 Easily reversible.

5. Alternative Fuels
.
Important alternative fuels
1. Alcohols (methanol and
ethanol)
2. Vegetable oils and biodiesel
3. Gaseous fuels (NG, H2, and
LPG)
4. Ethers
5. Electric/fuel cell/hybrid
vehicles
6. Future fuels

6. Alternative Fuels
.
Alcohols
 Higher octane number.
 Additive component for gasoline.
 Excessive exhaust valve wear in
gasoline engines.
 Problem was solved by hardened
valve seats.
 Fuels, particularly methyl tertiary
butyl ether (MTBE).
 Methanol/ethanol blends with
gasoline.

7. Alternative Fuels
.
Alcohols
 Methanol was used 1930s in high-
performance engines & lower emission
characteristics and high-octane rating.
 Blends of 15% gasoline and 85% of
methanol are called M85.
 Methanol has not become the competitor
of gasoline because of its higher cost.
 Currently, methanol is again considered for
fuel cell vehicles.
 MTBE phased out due to the
environmental concern. Replaced
methanol and tertiary butyl alcohol for a
short while.

8. Alternative Fuels
.
Alcohols
 Ethanol :ethyl alcohol, commercially known as
ethanol
 Nikolaus august otto, the german inventor of
the internal combustion engine, his invention
to run on ethanol.
 Ethanol is a by-product in the production of
sugar.
 In spark ignition engines started from the
1950s in countries like united states,
Germany, and France.
 During world war I and II, ethanol was used as
a fuel for commercial for military vehicles.
 Currently, it is blended with gasoline.
 Less emission of carcinogenic gases like
carbon monoxide, Nox,

9. Alternative Fuels
.
Alcohols
 Ethanol is also suitable
alternative fuel for diesel
engines.
 Dual fuel or fumigation
systems.
 Pollutants and noise levels
could be significantly reduced.
 Use of 100% ethanol in diesel
requires engine modification.

10. Alternative Fuels
.
Vegetable oils and Biodiesel
 Dr. Rudolf diesel, demonstrated that
his engine ran on peanut oil
 Vegetable oil fuels are not now
petroleum competitive
 Engines require frequent
maintenance (like injector and
combustion chamber cleaning) so it
suitable for stationary engines
 Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl esters of
fatty acids derived from edible and
non-edible
 Glycerol is by-product of biodiesel
processing
 Biodiesel blended with diesel is
limited to 20%) with little or no
modification

11. Alternative Fuels
.
Vegetable oils and Biodiesel
 Well-to-wheel energy
consumption of biodiesel is
higher than for fossil diesel
 Well-to-wheel emissions of
biodiesel are very similar to
diesel emissions
 The annual production of
biodiesel is increasing
rapidly
 From 10,000 tons in the
year 2000 to 3.5 million tons
in 2006
 In this scenario, it is
necessary to go for second
generation biofuels

12. Alternative Fuels
.
GASEOUS FUELS
 LPG
 Hydrogen
 CNG
 LNG

13. GASEOUS FUELS
.
LPG
 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a
mixture of propane (C3H8) and
butane (C4H10) gas
 Nonrenewable fossil fuel
 High octane number for spark ignition
 Liquefied gas under pressure at
ambient temperature
 Mixture percentage of propane is
kept in winter and the same for
butane in summer.

14. GASEOUS FUEL: Hydrogen
 Hydrogen in engines and fuel cells reduction in
environmental pollution.
 Potential to replace liquid and gaseous fossil
fuels.
 It may manifold induction, direct injection to
the cylinder, and hydrogen–diesel duel fuel
mode.
 Produce hydrogen include electrolysis,
photolysis, thermochemical water splitting, and
thermal water splitting.
 Coal gasification and from petroleum and
natural gases. Hydrogen can also be produced
from various biomass sources.

15. GASEOUS FUEL: Hydrogen .
 Hydrogen is a low-density gas. At ambient
temperature and atmospheric pressure, 1
kg of the gas has a volume of about 11 m3
 The storage of hydrogen is a major
technological challenge as an automotive
vehicle fuel.
 Stored as liquid or in solid-state storage
like metal hydrides.

16. We’ll meet with part 3
.
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