This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.

1. Amity School of Engineering
and Technology
HARSH GUPTA
M.Tech. (Automobile Engineering)

3.  World today is facing the pinch of rising energy
consumption.
 Green house gas emissions and global warming is also in
the forefront of critical issues.
 India is ranked 6th in terms of energy demands but its
domestic crude oil production satisfies only ¼th of our
current demands.

4.  Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum,coal),
and nuclear materials such as uranium.
 Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional fuels, are
any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other
than conventional fuels.
Some well known alternative fuels……

5. There are 4 chief Biofuels categories:
The 1st generation of biofuels comes from sugar, starch & vegetable fats
that are solely dependent on food-crops. It also can be sourced through
animal fats.
e.g;biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol & biogas.

6. 2nd generation comes from non food crops.
e.g.biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol & biogas.

7. 3rd generation is established on the basis of biofuels
got through algae.
e.g. Algae oil
4th generation Fuels based on the conversion of
vegetable oil and biodiesel into gasoline.

8. It can be manufactured from vegetable oils such as palm,
rapeseed, soy, linseed, jatropha and coconut oil.
 Avoiding the need for expensive additional infrastructure.
Reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and particulate matter.
Biodiesel and Bioalcohol contains no sulphur. It has
natural lubricity and thus lubricity enhancing additive is
required.

9. Brazil stands 1st in terms of Biofuel consumption.
According to UNCTAD report, Brazil uses pure ethanol in
20% of their vehicles and a 22 to 26 % ethanol-petrol
blend in the rest of their vehicles.
CO emission from automobiles decreased from 50g/km in
1980 to 5.8g/km in 1995
The USA and Australia use a 10% ethanol blend.
India is 4th largest producer and the government mandated
the use of a 5% ethanol blend in petrol sold in nine
sugarcane producing states.

11. AlgalFuel
Microalgae contains Lipids and fatty acids
Over 30%
The biodiesel yield is higher than high traditional yielding
crops.
It can be grown in sewages and in the industrial pollutants.
Algal biomass is also a good feed to animals.

12. Natural gas is produced either from gas wells
or in conjunction with crude oil production.
Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it
must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a
compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state
 A natural gas vehicle can be less expensive to
operate than a comparable conventionally fueled
vehicle depending on natural gas prices.

13. CNG vs. CLGIn India CNG costs are at ₨. 29.00 per kg compared with
₨. 66.83 per liter of petrol.
The cost saving is immense along with reduced emissions
and environmentally friendlier cars.
The use of CNG is mandated for the public transport
system of India's capital New Delhi as well as for the city
of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat.
The Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's
largest fleet of CNG buses.

14. Biogas
 During production, there is a solid byproduct called
digestate. This can be used as a biofuel or fertilizer. Biogas
consists of methane.
Low-cost, renewable source of energy.
Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored
onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in
a liquefied state.
A biogas-powered train has been in service in Sweden since
2005

15.  Electricity is used as fuel in the form of batteries and fuel
cells.
 Fuel Cells are more promising because they use other
fuels to create the electrical energy

16. • A fuel cell uses a hydrogen and oxygen reaction resulting in the production of
energy
• If pure hydrogen is used the car produces only two by-products: Water and
Heat.
e.g. Hydrogen fuel car
• For electric cars it would mean no emissions
• Although batteries have a short range, vehicles that use them can be used in
communities to get around
• For fuel cells, if hydrogen is used it can have a longer range vehicle with no
emissions.

17. Hydrogen and oxygen from air fed into a proton exchange
membrane fuel cell produce enough electricity to power an
electric automobile, without producing harmful emissions.
The only byproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water.
Daimler starts its FC vehicle production in 2009 with the
aim of 100,000 vehicles in 2012-2013.
Hyundai will produce 500 FC vehicles by 2010 and
expects to start mass production of its FC vehicles in 2012

18. Readily available.
Relatively cheaper .
Zero pollution.

19. Emulsified diesel fuel is a
mixture of diesel fuel with water
and emulsifying and stabilizing
additives.
Combustion is more efficient.
Reduced NOx; and PM

20.  The process involves heating shredded plastic waste with
coal and a secret chemical. This yields around 1 litre of
crude oil for every kilogram of waste plastic.
 Using infra-red energy to remove hydrocarbons from
plastic without the use of a catalyst, transforming 82% of
the original plastic material into fuel.