Abo ag, ab, & c
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The document discusses blood group antigens, antibodies, and complement. It explains that: 1) Individuals normally produce antibodies against the A and/or B antigens absent from their red blood cells, which produce strong reactions during ABO testing. 2) ABO antibodies are initiated at birth but the titer is too low until 3-6 months of age, so tests before then are invalid due to maternal antibodies. Antibody production peaks between 5-10 years then declines in later life. 3) The A, B, and H antigens are constructed on oligosaccharide chains from a precursor substance and are fully developed after age 2-4, remaining constant throughout life. The H antigen is the precursor
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Abo system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system, including its discovery, genetics, biochemistry, antigens, antibodies, and implications for transfusion. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the main ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, O) in 1900. The ABO blood type is determined by alleles at a single gene locus.
- The antigens are carbohydrate structures on red blood cells. People naturally produce antibodies against antigens they lack.
- ABO typing must be accurate to avoid transfusion reactions. Discrepancies can occur due to weak subgroups, diseases, or test issues. Resolving discrepancies helps ensure patient and donor safety.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
Immunohematology
Immunohematology is the study of blood groups and blood transfusion. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in humans. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh. The ABO system consists of four blood groups - A, B, AB and O based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells. Rh system consists of Rh+ and Rh- blood based on presence or absence of D antigen. Erythroblastosis fetalis is a blood group incompatibility reaction between Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus. It can be prevented by Rh immunoglobulin administration. Blood transfusion requires matching of blood groups to avoid immune reactions.
Discrepancies
This example shows mixed field agglutination in the forward grouping. The causes could be a recent blood transfusion of group O cells or a bone marrow transplant. To resolve it, the tests should be repeated on a new sample or the cells washed and retested.
Blood group
The document summarizes key information about major blood group systems including ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. It describes the antigens and genes involved in determining blood group types, frequencies in different populations, clinically significant antibodies, and associations with diseases.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
Abo blood groups
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner, who identified three main blood types: A, B, and O. The fourth type, AB, was discovered later. People have antigens on their red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in their plasma. Blood type is inherited and determines compatibility for transfusions. Type O negative blood can be donated to all recipients, while type AB positive can receive from all donors.
Immunohematology basics
The document discusses the field of immunohematology, which involves the study of antigen-antibody reactions related to blood components. It covers topics like blood group systems, common tests used in immunohematology like blood typing and crossmatching, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and complications of blood transfusion.
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Abo system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system, including its discovery, genetics, biochemistry, antigens, antibodies, and implications for transfusion. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the main ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, O) in 1900. The ABO blood type is determined by alleles at a single gene locus.
- The antigens are carbohydrate structures on red blood cells. People naturally produce antibodies against antigens they lack.
- ABO typing must be accurate to avoid transfusion reactions. Discrepancies can occur due to weak subgroups, diseases, or test issues. Resolving discrepancies helps ensure patient and donor safety.
Abo blood group system
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
Immunohematology
Immunohematology is the study of blood groups and blood transfusion. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in humans. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh. The ABO system consists of four blood groups - A, B, AB and O based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells. Rh system consists of Rh+ and Rh- blood based on presence or absence of D antigen. Erythroblastosis fetalis is a blood group incompatibility reaction between Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus. It can be prevented by Rh immunoglobulin administration. Blood transfusion requires matching of blood groups to avoid immune reactions.
Discrepancies
This example shows mixed field agglutination in the forward grouping. The causes could be a recent blood transfusion of group O cells or a bone marrow transplant. To resolve it, the tests should be repeated on a new sample or the cells washed and retested.
Blood group
The document summarizes key information about major blood group systems including ABO, Rh, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. It describes the antigens and genes involved in determining blood group types, frequencies in different populations, clinically significant antibodies, and associations with diseases.
Abo blood groups
This document discusses the ABO blood group system. It notes that there are over 20 known blood group systems that are genetically determined. The ABO and Rh systems are most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. People are categorized into one of the main blood groups - A, B, AB, or O - depending on which antigens are present on their red blood cells and which antibodies are present in their plasma. The exact genetic basis and inheritance of the ABO system is also described.
Abo blood groups
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner, who identified three main blood types: A, B, and O. The fourth type, AB, was discovered later. People have antigens on their red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in their plasma. Blood type is inherited and determines compatibility for transfusions. Type O negative blood can be donated to all recipients, while type AB positive can receive from all donors.
Immunohematology basics
The document discusses the field of immunohematology, which involves the study of antigen-antibody reactions related to blood components. It covers topics like blood group systems, common tests used in immunohematology like blood typing and crossmatching, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and complications of blood transfusion.
OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS
This document discusses several major blood group systems including Lewis, I, P, MNSs, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Lutheran, Bg, Sda, and Xg. It provides information on the antigens and genes involved in each system, the clinical significance of associated antibodies, and inheritance patterns. Some key points covered include that Lewis, I, and P antigens produce cold-reacting antibodies while Kell, Kidd, and Duffy produce warm-reacting antibodies. The MNSs, Kell, and Kidd systems can produce clinically significant antibodies implicated in hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Compatibility testing
The document discusses compatibility testing protocols for blood transfusions. It describes how compatibility testing includes ABO and Rh grouping of donor and recipient samples, screening for unexpected antibodies, and a cross-match. Proper identification of donor and recipient samples is critical to avoid errors. The purpose is to select appropriately compatible blood and ensure the best results for the transfusion by preventing hemolysis or antibody-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells.
Basics of immunohematology - copy
This document provides an overview of basic principles of immunohematology. It defines key terms like antigen and antibody. It describes the characteristics of antigens and factors that contribute to antigen immunogenicity. It also discusses the different types of immunoglobulins involved in blood group antibodies, and the differences between naturally occurring versus immune antibodies. Finally, it explains the stages of antigen-antibody reactions including sensitization and agglutination, and factors that can influence these reactions.
Abo Blood groups
1) The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner who identified the A, B, and O blood groups.
2) The blood groups are determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies in the plasma.
3) The ABO blood groups are inherited following Mendelian principles with A and B genes being co-dominant and O being recessive.
Rhesus
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system. It describes the major Rh antigens, antibodies, and inheritance patterns. It explains the different nomenclature systems used including Fisher-Race, Wiener, Rosenfield, and ISBT. It discusses weak D phenotypes and antibodies such as anti-G, anti-f, anti-Cw, anti-V, and anti-VS. The Rh blood group is clinically significant in transfusion medicine due to its polymorphic nature and ability to cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
Compatibility ss
The document discusses the steps for compatibility testing prior to blood transfusion, which includes correctly identifying the donor and recipient, testing their blood samples, and performing a cross-match. It aims to detect any errors in grouping, labeling, or identification and to find any antibodies in the recipient's serum that could react with donor antigens to prevent adverse reactions.
Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
ABO Blood Grouping
This document discusses blood grouping and the ABO blood type system. It explains that there are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also discussed, which further divides blood types into positive or negative based on the presence of the RhD antigen. Blood grouping is performed using forward and reverse methods to test red blood cells or serum for antigens and antibodies. The eight main blood group types based on ABO and Rh typing are identified.
ABO Blood group by Dr. Aryan
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900. He identified three main blood groups - A, B, and C (later renamed O). The fourth blood group, AB, was discovered later. ABO blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells which are controlled by inherited genes. Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood groups can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hydrops fetalis if the mother and fetus have incompatible blood groups. Testing and matching blood groups is important to ensure safe and compatible blood transfusions.
Blood group 1
The document summarizes key information about blood groups and genetics. It discusses how blood type is determined by genes inherited from parents, which cause proteins called agglutinogens on red blood cells. The main blood group systems - ABO and Rh - are described. Landsteiner's laws explain the relationship between agglutinogens and agglutinins in different blood types. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood depends on preventing agglutination during transfusion. Complications can be avoided through proper cross-matching and screening of donor blood.
ABO blood group system and history
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. He found that mixing blood samples from different people caused some to clump together, and classified human blood into three main groups - A, B, and C. In 1901 he observed that blood would only agglutinate with certain other blood groups, not its own type. This led to the modern classification of A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The fourth type, AB, which contains both A and B antigens but no antibodies, was discovered by his students in 1902. The ABO antigens are carbohydrate residues added to the H substance on red blood cells by different alleles - A adds N-acetyl glactosamine, B adds d-
Coombs test
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
Platelet immunohematology
This document discusses platelet immunohematology, including definitions of platelet antigens and antibodies. It describes various platelet antigens that are either non-specific (such as ABH antigens expressed on platelets) or specific (such as Human Platelet Antigens). It discusses platelet alloantibodies that can cause conditions like platelet refractoriness, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and post-transfusion purpura. Autoimmune conditions involving platelet autoantibodies like immune thrombocytopenia are also covered. Methods for testing platelet antigens and antibodies are described at the end.
Ab identificationreneewilkins
This document provides an overview of antibody identification in blood banking. It discusses the key steps in performing an antibody panel, including using a panel of known red blood cells to test against a patient's unknown serum. The goal is to identify any unexpected antibodies in the patient's serum. It also covers interpreting panel results, such as ruling out non-reactive antigens and looking for a matching antigen pattern. Techniques for identifying multiple antibodies like selected cells, neutralization, and chemical treatments are also outlined.
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A woman had an anaphylactic reaction during a blood transfusion minutes after it started, with symptoms of flushing, chest tightness and difficulty breathing. Epinephrine was administered with good effect. The most likely cause was the woman being IgA-deficient and having antibodies against IgA in the donor blood.
A woman developed a fever and jaundice after a blood transfusion during surgery. Her hemoglobin had dropped unexpectedly. The most likely cause was recipient antibodies against donor red blood cell antigens not detected on the pre-transfusion testing, causing a delayed hemolytic reaction.
A man receiving a blood transfusion developed a fever within 15 minutes. Tests found no evidence of hemolysis.
ABH SYSTEM ppt.pdf
The Bombay phenotype is an extremely rare blood group characterized by the lack of A, B, and H antigens on red blood cells. This is due to the absence of the H gene, which normally converts precursor molecules into the H-active form needed for A/B antigens to be added. Bombay individuals' blood does not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-H antibodies. Their serum contains potent anti-A, anti-B, anti-H, and anti-AB antibodies. Bombay individuals can only receive blood transfusions from other Bombay donors due to the risk of antibody-mediated hemolysis. The genotype responsible is hh at the H locus combined with se/se at the
Pretransfusion testing final- ab screening - NAGLAA MAKRAM
1. Antibody screening tests patient serum against reagent red blood cells to detect unexpected antibodies that could destroy transfused donor cells.
2. Screening cells must contain many common antigens and include some cells with homozygous antigen expression to detect weakly reacting antibodies.
3. A positive antibody screen requires antibody identification testing to determine the antibody specificity so that antigen-negative blood can be transfused.
3 other blood group systems dr arshad.ppt
This document discusses several rare blood group systems including Lewis, I, P, MNSs, Kell, Kidd, and Duffy. It provides information on the antigens and genes involved in each system, the inheritance patterns, typical frequencies in different populations, and characteristics of any associated antibodies including whether they are clinically significant. The document is intended to educate medical professionals about these less common blood group systems that can still have implications for transfusion medicine.
Compatibility testing.pptx
Compatibility testing involves mixing a patient's serum with donor red blood cells to check for compatibility and detect any antibodies present in the patient's serum that could react with antigens on the donor's cells. The major cross-match test incubates this mixture to detect clinically significant agglutinating or hemolyzing antibodies, while the minor cross-match tests the donor's plasma with the patient's cells. Factors like specimen collection, storage time, temperature during testing, and contamination can affect compatibility testing results if not properly controlled. The goal of compatibility testing is to safely select blood for transfusion that will not cause harm to the recipient.
Blood types
The document discusses blood types and the ABO blood group system. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also discussed, which refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen and further divides blood types into eight major phenotypes. Examples of determining possible blood type genotypes and phenotypes of offspring using Punnett squares are provided.
Blood types powerpoint presentation
The document summarizes blood types and the ABO blood classification system. Red blood cells have antigens called agglutinogens of type A or B. The presence or absence of these antigens determines the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Another factor is the Rh protein - blood can be either Rh positive or Rh negative. The genes that produce these antigens are inherited from parents and determine a person's blood type. Careful matching of donor and recipient blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
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OTHER BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS
This document discusses several major blood group systems including Lewis, I, P, MNSs, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Lutheran, Bg, Sda, and Xg. It provides information on the antigens and genes involved in each system, the clinical significance of associated antibodies, and inheritance patterns. Some key points covered include that Lewis, I, and P antigens produce cold-reacting antibodies while Kell, Kidd, and Duffy produce warm-reacting antibodies. The MNSs, Kell, and Kidd systems can produce clinically significant antibodies implicated in hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Compatibility testing
The document discusses compatibility testing protocols for blood transfusions. It describes how compatibility testing includes ABO and Rh grouping of donor and recipient samples, screening for unexpected antibodies, and a cross-match. Proper identification of donor and recipient samples is critical to avoid errors. The purpose is to select appropriately compatible blood and ensure the best results for the transfusion by preventing hemolysis or antibody-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells.
Basics of immunohematology - copy
This document provides an overview of basic principles of immunohematology. It defines key terms like antigen and antibody. It describes the characteristics of antigens and factors that contribute to antigen immunogenicity. It also discusses the different types of immunoglobulins involved in blood group antibodies, and the differences between naturally occurring versus immune antibodies. Finally, it explains the stages of antigen-antibody reactions including sensitization and agglutination, and factors that can influence these reactions.
Abo Blood groups
1) The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner who identified the A, B, and O blood groups.
2) The blood groups are determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of antibodies in the plasma.
3) The ABO blood groups are inherited following Mendelian principles with A and B genes being co-dominant and O being recessive.
Rhesus
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system. It describes the major Rh antigens, antibodies, and inheritance patterns. It explains the different nomenclature systems used including Fisher-Race, Wiener, Rosenfield, and ISBT. It discusses weak D phenotypes and antibodies such as anti-G, anti-f, anti-Cw, anti-V, and anti-VS. The Rh blood group is clinically significant in transfusion medicine due to its polymorphic nature and ability to cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
Compatibility ss
The document discusses the steps for compatibility testing prior to blood transfusion, which includes correctly identifying the donor and recipient, testing their blood samples, and performing a cross-match. It aims to detect any errors in grouping, labeling, or identification and to find any antibodies in the recipient's serum that could react with donor antigens to prevent adverse reactions.
Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900-1901. It identifies four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Those without A or B antigens are group O.
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are naturally present in people's blood, developing after exposure to environmental antigens. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused.
- The ABO blood groups are determined genetically based on inheritance of A, B, or O alleles. The A
ABO Blood Grouping
This document discusses blood grouping and the ABO blood type system. It explains that there are four main blood groups - A, B, AB, and O - determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also discussed, which further divides blood types into positive or negative based on the presence of the RhD antigen. Blood grouping is performed using forward and reverse methods to test red blood cells or serum for antigens and antibodies. The eight main blood group types based on ABO and Rh typing are identified.
ABO Blood group by Dr. Aryan
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900. He identified three main blood groups - A, B, and C (later renamed O). The fourth blood group, AB, was discovered later. ABO blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cells which are controlled by inherited genes. Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood groups can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hydrops fetalis if the mother and fetus have incompatible blood groups. Testing and matching blood groups is important to ensure safe and compatible blood transfusions.
Blood group 1
The document summarizes key information about blood groups and genetics. It discusses how blood type is determined by genes inherited from parents, which cause proteins called agglutinogens on red blood cells. The main blood group systems - ABO and Rh - are described. Landsteiner's laws explain the relationship between agglutinogens and agglutinins in different blood types. Compatibility between donor and recipient blood depends on preventing agglutination during transfusion. Complications can be avoided through proper cross-matching and screening of donor blood.
ABO blood group system and history
The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. He found that mixing blood samples from different people caused some to clump together, and classified human blood into three main groups - A, B, and C. In 1901 he observed that blood would only agglutinate with certain other blood groups, not its own type. This led to the modern classification of A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The fourth type, AB, which contains both A and B antigens but no antibodies, was discovered by his students in 1902. The ABO antigens are carbohydrate residues added to the H substance on red blood cells by different alleles - A adds N-acetyl glactosamine, B adds d-
Coombs test
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
Platelet immunohematology
This document discusses platelet immunohematology, including definitions of platelet antigens and antibodies. It describes various platelet antigens that are either non-specific (such as ABH antigens expressed on platelets) or specific (such as Human Platelet Antigens). It discusses platelet alloantibodies that can cause conditions like platelet refractoriness, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and post-transfusion purpura. Autoimmune conditions involving platelet autoantibodies like immune thrombocytopenia are also covered. Methods for testing platelet antigens and antibodies are described at the end.
Ab identificationreneewilkins
This document provides an overview of antibody identification in blood banking. It discusses the key steps in performing an antibody panel, including using a panel of known red blood cells to test against a patient's unknown serum. The goal is to identify any unexpected antibodies in the patient's serum. It also covers interpreting panel results, such as ruling out non-reactive antigens and looking for a matching antigen pattern. Techniques for identifying multiple antibodies like selected cells, neutralization, and chemical treatments are also outlined.
4immunohematologylab
A woman had an anaphylactic reaction during a blood transfusion minutes after it started, with symptoms of flushing, chest tightness and difficulty breathing. Epinephrine was administered with good effect. The most likely cause was the woman being IgA-deficient and having antibodies against IgA in the donor blood.
A woman developed a fever and jaundice after a blood transfusion during surgery. Her hemoglobin had dropped unexpectedly. The most likely cause was recipient antibodies against donor red blood cell antigens not detected on the pre-transfusion testing, causing a delayed hemolytic reaction.
A man receiving a blood transfusion developed a fever within 15 minutes. Tests found no evidence of hemolysis.
ABH SYSTEM ppt.pdf
The Bombay phenotype is an extremely rare blood group characterized by the lack of A, B, and H antigens on red blood cells. This is due to the absence of the H gene, which normally converts precursor molecules into the H-active form needed for A/B antigens to be added. Bombay individuals' blood does not react with anti-A, anti-B, or anti-H antibodies. Their serum contains potent anti-A, anti-B, anti-H, and anti-AB antibodies. Bombay individuals can only receive blood transfusions from other Bombay donors due to the risk of antibody-mediated hemolysis. The genotype responsible is hh at the H locus combined with se/se at the
Pretransfusion testing final- ab screening - NAGLAA MAKRAM
1. Antibody screening tests patient serum against reagent red blood cells to detect unexpected antibodies that could destroy transfused donor cells.
2. Screening cells must contain many common antigens and include some cells with homozygous antigen expression to detect weakly reacting antibodies.
3. A positive antibody screen requires antibody identification testing to determine the antibody specificity so that antigen-negative blood can be transfused.
3 other blood group systems dr arshad.ppt
This document discusses several rare blood group systems including Lewis, I, P, MNSs, Kell, Kidd, and Duffy. It provides information on the antigens and genes involved in each system, the inheritance patterns, typical frequencies in different populations, and characteristics of any associated antibodies including whether they are clinically significant. The document is intended to educate medical professionals about these less common blood group systems that can still have implications for transfusion medicine.
Compatibility testing.pptx
Compatibility testing involves mixing a patient's serum with donor red blood cells to check for compatibility and detect any antibodies present in the patient's serum that could react with antigens on the donor's cells. The major cross-match test incubates this mixture to detect clinically significant agglutinating or hemolyzing antibodies, while the minor cross-match tests the donor's plasma with the patient's cells. Factors like specimen collection, storage time, temperature during testing, and contamination can affect compatibility testing results if not properly controlled. The goal of compatibility testing is to safely select blood for transfusion that will not cause harm to the recipient.
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Pretransfusion testing final- ab screening - NAGLAA MAKRAM
Pretransfusion testing final- ab screening - NAGLAA MAKRAM
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Blood types
The document discusses blood types and the ABO blood group system. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also discussed, which refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen and further divides blood types into eight major phenotypes. Examples of determining possible blood type genotypes and phenotypes of offspring using Punnett squares are provided.
Blood types powerpoint presentation
The document summarizes blood types and the ABO blood classification system. Red blood cells have antigens called agglutinogens of type A or B. The presence or absence of these antigens determines the four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Another factor is the Rh protein - blood can be either Rh positive or Rh negative. The genes that produce these antigens are inherited from parents and determine a person's blood type. Careful matching of donor and recipient blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
Blood grouping
The document summarizes the history and science behind blood grouping and the ABO blood group system. It describes how Karl Landsteiner discovered the major ABO blood groups in 1901. It explains the antigens and antibodies present in each blood group according to Landsteiner's rule. The genetics and biochemistry of the ABO blood group system are covered, including how the H, A, and B antigens are synthesized on red blood cells. Common blood grouping techniques like forward and reverse grouping are also summarized.
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Blood groups
The document discusses blood groups and blood typing. It notes that the International Society of Blood Transfusion recognizes 30 major blood group systems, including the ABO and Rh systems. It specifically describes the rare Bombay blood group (hh) where individuals do not express the H antigen found in blood group O. It also defines blood typing as a lab test to determine a person's blood type and lists the worldwide and Pakistani frequencies of the main blood groups O, A, B, and AB.
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The document discusses human blood groups and the Rhesus (Rh) factor. It describes the major blood group systems, including ABO and Rh, which are most important for transfusions. The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on the antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens. Incompatibility between blood groups can cause dangerous clumping of red blood cells during transfusions.
Blood group
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
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This document provides an overview of immunohematology, focusing on blood group systems. It discusses key concepts including antigens, antibodies, and the major blood group systems like ABO and Rh. The ABO system is described in detail, including the antigens (A, B, H), antibodies (anti-A, anti-B), inheritance patterns, common subtypes, frequencies in different populations, and routine testing methods involving direct and indirect agglutination. Causes of discrepancies in ABO testing are also reviewed. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to immunohematology and blood group systems from an immunological perspective.
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The document discusses blood types based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - depending on which antigens are present. Type O has neither antigen, type A has antigen A, type B has antigen B, and type AB has both antigens. The plasma contains antibodies against antigens that are not present on one's own red blood cells. There is also a discussion of Rh factor and how it further divides blood types into Rh positive or Rh negative categories, for a total of eight major blood types. Punnett squares are used to demonstrate inheritance of blood types from parents to children.
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3) DNA replication ensures each daughter cell receives identical genetic material during cell division. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can cause changes to the genetic code and result in genetic disorders.
Ag ab reactions and clinical utility
This document discusses antigen-antibody reactions and their clinical applications. It describes the principles of primary, secondary, and tertiary antigen-antibody reactions. Various serological tests are discussed, including precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, complement fixation tests, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay. These tests can help diagnose infections, identify infectious agents, and detect non-infectious substances. The document also provides examples of clinical applications for many common serological tests.
Bombay blood group
- The Bombay blood group is an extremely rare blood type where red blood cells lack the H, A, and B antigens and plasma contains antibodies against these antigens.
- It was first discovered in Bombay, India in 1952 in about 1 in 10,000 people in Mumbai. Worldwide prevalence is about 1 in 1 million.
- People with this blood group can only receive blood from other Bombay blood group donors, as their blood will hemolyze if receiving blood from other blood groups.
- It is important for those with the Bombay blood group to register with blood banks so their rare blood can be available in emergencies.
Bloob grouping and
This document summarizes blood grouping and cross-matching techniques. It discusses that blood grouping is based on antigens on red blood cells, with ABO and Rh being most clinically important. It then describes Landsteiner's discovery of blood groups, antigens, antibodies, and his law. Methods for blood grouping like slide and tube methods are outlined. The document also discusses Rh blood group system, antigens, antibodies, importance in transfusion and disease. It concludes with describing cross-matching techniques and their role in safe blood transfusions.
Blood groups
This document discusses the history and science behind blood typing and blood transfusions. It covers the following key points:
- Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. The Rh factor was discovered in 1930.
- Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies in the plasma. The major blood group systems are ABO and Rh.
- The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on whether the red cells have A antigens, B antigens, both, or neither. Compatibility for transfusion depends on this.
- The Rh system
Ag ab reactions, raghu
Antigen-antibody reactions occur specifically between antigens and antibodies. In the body, they form the basis of immunity against infectious diseases and hypersensitivities. In the laboratory, antigen-antibody reactions are used for diagnosis of infections, epidemiological surveys, and identification of infectious agents. Precipitation reactions occur when a soluble antigen and its antibody form an insoluble complex in the presence of electrolytes. Precipitation can be used to identify bacteria and detect antibodies for diagnosis.
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5.pdf
This document provides information about ABO and Rh blood grouping and typing. It discusses the antigens and antibodies involved in these two major blood group systems, including their inheritance, development, expression, and clinical significance. The key points covered include the reciprocal relationship between ABO antigens and antibodies, development of ABO antigens at birth, subgroups within the ABO system, inheritance of ABO blood groups, anti-A and anti-B antibody production, and Rh (D) antigen properties and typing. Practical aspects of ABO and Rh blood grouping using tube, gel, and microplate methods are also described.
Document (17).pdf
- Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence or absence of antibodies in plasma. Carl Landsteiner discovered the four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important for blood transfusions. The ABO system involves A and B antigens on red blood cells and naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The Rh system involves the D antigen and antibodies that only develop after exposure.
- Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types can cause transfusion reactions like hemolysis and acute renal failure due to circulating antibodies destroying red blood cells. Proper blood typing and matching is essential to avoid these complications.
ABO_Rh_groups (1).ppt
The document discusses ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies involved, including their reciprocal relationship. It explains how the ABO blood groups are inherited based on codominance and gives examples of inheritance patterns. The synthesis of ABO antigens is described, showing how genes code for enzymes that add specific sugars to produce the A, B, or H antigens. Practical aspects of blood grouping techniques like the tube method and microplate method are also covered.
ABO_Rh_groups.ppt
1) The document discusses the ABO and Rh blood group systems, which are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the corresponding antibodies found in plasma.
2) The ABO system includes A, B, and H antigens that are synthesized based on inherited genes. The presence or absence of A and B antigens determines the four blood groups - A, B, AB, and O.
3) The Rh system involves the RhD antigen. Most individuals are RhD-positive unless they inherit two copies of the RhD-negative gene.
abo blood group system.pdf
The document summarizes the ABO blood group system, which was discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner. It describes the antigens and antibodies present in the four main blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens. The genes that code for the A, B, and H antigens are explained, as well as how they produce specific enzymes that add sugars to precursor structures on red blood cells. Forward and reverse blood grouping tests are outlined to determine a person's blood group.
ABO Blood Group system
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900. He identified three main blood groups - A, B, and C, which were later renamed to A, B, and O. Von Decastello and Sturli discovered the AB blood group in 1902. The ABO blood group is determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells, which is controlled by inherited alleles. People universally have antibodies against blood group antigens they lack. This system is important for blood transfusions, as incompatible blood can cause transfusion reactions.
Abo
The ABO blood group system is the most important for transfusion medicine. It includes four main groups - A, B, O, and AB - determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient blood can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. Resolving discrepancies in ABO typing results is important and may be due to technical errors, subgroups, or medical conditions affecting antibody production.
Abo blood grp
This document summarizes the ABO blood grouping system. It describes how Karl Landsteiner discovered the A, B, and O blood groups in 1901. The system is based on the presence or absence of antigens called agglutinogens on red blood cells. People have antibodies against the agglutinogens that are not present on their own red blood cells. The genes that determine the ABO blood groups are located on chromosome 9 and are inherited according to Mendelian genetics. Blood type is determined by mixing blood cells with antisera that cause agglutination based on the antigens present.
ABO-Rh Isoimmunisation in that The Basics of Blood, antibody can Be Detecte...
ABO-Rh Isoimmunisation in that The Basics of Blood, antibody can Be Detected,ABO Blood Group System,Rh Blood Group System,Pathogenesis Of Rh Isoimmunisation, Prevention and Management of ABO incompatibility in PPT made By Sonal Patel
MAJOR BLOOD GROUPS, ABO(ISBT001) and RH(ISBT004)
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ABO BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES ANF Rh ANTIGENS.pptx
The document discusses antibodies and the ABO and Rh blood group systems. It provides details on:
- The five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, their structures and functions.
- ABO antibodies, which are produced in response to A and B antigens and are important in transfusion medicine. They can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
- The Rh blood group system, the clinically important RhD antigen, theories on Rh antigen inheritance, and the strong immunogenicity of RhD antigen when encountered by the immune system.
Abo blood group system
The document discusses the ABO blood group system. Some key points:
- The ABO blood group system was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900-1901 and is the most important blood group system for transfusion practice. It categorizes blood into A, B, AB, and O groups.
- The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells determines an individual's blood group. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present depending on which antigens are absent.
- The ABO blood groups are determined by inherited alleles - A and B are dominant alleles while O is recessive. Errors in blood typing can cause fatal reactions during transfusions if incompatible blood is given.
- Pro
Blood grouping and Cross matching
This presentation aims to help medicine undergraduates and post graduates in the department of Pathology and Department of transfusion medicine for better understanding of various blood grouping systems, sub groups, RBC antigens and corresponding antibodies. It also covers the practical aspect of blood grouping and cross matching.
Different blood groups and their significance
This document discusses different blood group systems and their significance. It covers the history and discovery of major blood groups like ABO and Rh by Landsteiner and Wiener. The formation of A, B, and H antigens are explained according to Landsteiner's rule. Bombay blood group which lacks all antigens is also covered. The importance of blood grouping in transfusion, hemolytic disease of newborn, and other medical areas is highlighted. Minor blood groups like Duffy, Kell and Kidd and their roles are briefly mentioned. O blood is identified as the universal donor while AB blood is the universal recipient type.
Genetic terms in blood banking
This document discusses the genetics and inheritance of blood groups, focusing on the ABO system. It explains that the ABO system is determined by three genes - A, B, and O - located on chromosome 9. These genes encode glycosyltransferase enzymes that add specific sugars to a basic oligosaccharide chain on red blood cells, producing the A, B, and H antigens. The presence or absence of these antigens determines the individual's blood group type. Proper understanding of blood group genetics is important for blood transfusions to avoid immune reactions between incompatible blood types.
abo_dr_moh_3.ppt
The document discusses ABO blood group inheritance and antigen formation. It can be summarized as:
1. ABO blood groups are determined by inherited genes that code for glycosyltransferase enzymes adding specific sugars to precursor substances on red blood cells, forming A, B, or H antigens.
2. The H gene produces fucosyltransferase, adding a fucose to form the H antigen. The A gene adds galactosamine and the B gene adds galactose.
3. Inheriting one A, B, or O gene from each parent determines presence of A or B antigens and naturally occurring antibodies, establishing a person's blood group.
FORENSIC SEROLOGY_Unit4.pptx
Immune system; Antigens and antibodies; Epitopes, haptens and adjuvants; Complement system; Raising of anti-sera; Antigen-antibody reactions; Cellular antigens; ABO blood group system: A, B and H antigens; Bombay blood group; Rh blood group system; Blood transfusion; Transfusion reaction; Maternal reaction; Other blood groups: MN, Lewis, Lutheran, Kidd, Duffy and P systems; Secretor phenomenon; Origin testing.
1569612387419 physiology[1]
The document discusses blood transfusion complications related to ABO and Rh blood group compatibility. It provides background on the history of blood transfusions and the discovery of ABO blood groups by Landsteiner in 1900 and the Rh factor by Levine in 1939. Improper matching of these blood types can lead to hemolytic transfusion reactions where preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood destroy transfused red blood cells. The document outlines the antigens and antibodies in ABO blood groups and describes Rh factor and Rh disease which can cause hemolytic anemia in fetuses when the mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive.
abobloodgroupsystem-170121130000.pptx
The ABO blood group system is one of the most important blood group systems for transfusions. It is determined by the ABO gene which has three alleles - IA, IB, and i - that encode for the A, B, and O antigens, respectively. The ABO blood types are determined by which alleles are present: IAIA or IAi produce type A blood, IBIB or IBi produce type B, IAIB produces AB, and ii produces O. The Rh system, specifically the D antigen, is the second most important blood group and sensitization to the D antigen in Rh-negative pregnant women can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if not prevented.
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Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...
Crafting Excellence: A Comprehensive Guide to iOS Mobile App Development Serv...Pitangent Analytics & Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Mutation Testing for Task-Oriented Chatbots
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSF
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
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Abo ag, ab, & c
- 2. Blood Group Antigen & Antibody Blood Group Antigen Antibody Ig A A B Predominantly IgM & small quantities of IgG B B A AB A, B NEITHER O NEITHER A, B
- 3. ABO Antibodies • Individuals normally produce Ab directed against the A &/or B Ag(s) absent from their RBCs.-NATURALLY OCCURING, because they are produce without any exposure to RBCs. • Produce strong direct agglutination reactions during ABO testing
- 4. ABO Antibodies • Are initiated at birth, but titre are too low until 3-6 months – Test before these months are considered invalid because of maternal origin of Ig • 5-10 years, Ab production peaks then declines later in life • Elderly people usually have lower levels of Anti-A & Anti-B; therefore Ab may be undetectable in the reverse grouping.
- 5. ABH Antigens • Results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci (ABO, Hh & Se). – Produce specific glycosyltransferases that add sugars to a basic precursor substance. – A, B, & H Ag are formed from the same basic precursor material paragloboside or glycan
- 6. ABH Antigens • on the RBC are constructed on oligosaccharide chains of a type 2 precursor substance • Developed early in fatal life but do not increase much in gestational period. • 2-4 years of age • Phenotypic expression may vary in race, genetic interaction and disease states – Expression of A & B Ag on the RBCs is fully developed and remains constant throughout life
- 7. ABH Antigens • H- Antigen – Precursor structure on which A & B Ag are made. – H gene must be inherited to form ABO Ag on the RBCs whereas Se for Ag in secretions.
- 8. Blood group Complement (C) • Is a complex group of over 20 circulating and cell membrane proteins that have a multitude of functions within the immune response. • Primary roles include direct lysis and assisting of opsonization and production of peptide fragment split products which play roles in inflammatory responses. • can also have detrimental effects for the host; it contributes to inflammation and tissue damage and it can trigger anaphylaxis • Complement components circulate in inactive form as proenzyme
- 9. Blood group Complement • Complement proteins are activated in a cascade of events through three main pathways: – Classical – Alternative – Lectin – Then eventually goes to MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)