This document discusses urinalysis findings and other tests associated with various renal and urological conditions. It covers topics like urinary tract infections, kidney stones, nephritis, nephrosis, renal failure, and other causes of hematuria and proteinuria. For each condition, it lists the etiology, expected urinalysis results, and other recommended tests. The goal is to guide clinicians in interpreting urinalysis findings and selecting appropriate follow-up testing based on the suspected condition.

4. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Deposition of immune
complexes, in conjunction with
streptococcal infection, on the
glomerular membrane
Macroscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RBC casts,
granular casts
ASO titer, antigroup A
streptococcal
enzymes

5. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Deposition of immune
complexes from systemic
immune disorders on the
glomerular membrane
Macroscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RBC casts
BUN, creatinine,
creatinine clearance

7. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Attachment of a cytotoxic
antibody formed during viral
respiratory infections to
glomerular and alveolar
basement membranes
Macroscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RBC casts
Anti-glomerular
basement membrane
antibody

8. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Binding of anti-neutrophilic
cytoplasmic antibody to
neutrophils in vessel walls
producing damage to the small
vesells in the lungs and
glomerulus
Macroscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RBC casts
ANCA

11. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Disruption of vascular integrity
due to decrease in platelets
following viral respiratory
infections in children
Macroscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RBC casts
FOBT

14. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Thickening of the glomerular
membrane following IgG
immune complex deposition
associated with systemic
disorders
Microscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria
ANA, HBsAg
FTA-ABS

15. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Cellular proliferation affecting
the capillary walls or the
glomerular basement
membrane
Hematuria,
proteinuria
Serum complement
levels

17. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Marked decrease in renal
function resulting from
glomerular damage
precipitated by other renal
disorders
Hematuria,
proteinuria,
glucosuria, cellular,
granular casts, waxy,
and broad casts
BUN, Creatinine,
creatinine clearance

19. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Deposition of IgA on the
glomerular membrane
resulting from increased levels
of serum IgA
Early: Macroscopic or
microscopic
hematuria
Late: hematuria,
casts, proteinuria,
glucosuria
SERUM IgA

20. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Disruption of the electrical
charges that produce the
tightly fitting podocyte barrier
resulting in massive loss of
protein and lipids
Microscopic
hematuria, heavy
proteinuria, RTE cells,
oval fat bodies, fat
droplets, fatty casts
Decrease serum
albumin, alpha1,
gamma globulin,
cholesterol, TAG ,
A2MG

22. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Disruption of the podocytes
following allergic reactions and
immunizations
Heavy proteinuria,
transient hematuria,
fat droplets
Serum albumin,
cholesterol, TAG ,
HLA-B12

23. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Disruption of podocytes in
certain numbers and areas of
glomeruli, associated with
heroin/analgesic abuse and
AIDS
Proteinuria,
microscopic
hematuria
Drug test, HIV test

25. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Most common cause of ESRD!
Deposition of glycosylated
proteins on glomerular
basement membranes caused
by poorly controlled blood
glucose levels
Glucosuria Microabluminuria
(+) Micral test
20-200ug/min AER

27. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Genetic disorder showing
lamellated and thinning of
glomerular basement
membrane
See Nephrotic
syndorme

28. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Damage to RTE cells caused by
ischemia or toxic agents
Microscopic
hematuria,
proteinuria, RTE cells,
RTE cell casts
Hgb, Hct, Cardiac
enzymes

29. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
Inherited in association with
cystinosis and Hartnup disease
or acquired (exposure to toxic
agents)
Glucosuria, possible
cystine crystals
Serum and urine
electrolytes,
chromatography

30. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
a. Neurogenic DI  failure of
the hypothalamus to
produce ADH
b. Nephrogenic DI 
Inability of the renal
tubules to respond to
ADH/ ADH receptor
problem (mutant)
Low SG
Polyuria

32. ETIOLOGY
URINALYSIS
RESULT
OTHER TEST
NORMAL BLOOD GLUCOSE
POSITIVE URINE GLUCOSE
 Due to defective tubular
reabsorption of glucose
Glucosuria

33. ETIOLOGY URINALYSIS RESULT COMMENT
Ascending bacterial infection
of the bladder (lower UTI)
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria,
microscopic hematuria,
mild proteinuria,
increased pH
No cast!

34. ETIOLOGY URINALYSIS RESULT OTHER TESTS
Infection of the renal tubules
and interstitium related to
interference of urine flow or
reflux of urine from the
bladder, and untreated cystitis
(Upper UTI)
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria,
WBC casts, bacterial
casts, microscopic
hematuria, proteinuria
Urine and blood
cultures

35. ETIOLOGY URINALYSIS RESULT OTHER TESTS
Recurrent infection of the
renal tubules and interstitium
caused by structural
abnormalities affecting the
flow of urine
Leukocyturia, bacteriuria,
WBC, bacterial, granular,
waxy, and broad casts,
hematuria, proteinuria
BUN, creatinine,
creatinine
clearance

36. ETIOLOGY URINALYSIS RESULT OTHER TESTS
Allergic inflammation of the
renal interstitium in response
to certain medications
Hematuria, proteinuria,
leukocyturia, WBC casts
NO BACTERIA!
Urine Eosinophils,
BUN, creatinine,
creatinine
clearance

37. • Azotemia
• Decrease glomerular filtration rate <25mL/min
• Electrolyte imbalance
• (-) renal concentrating ability (isosthenuria)
• Proteinuria & renal glycosuria
• Telescoped sediment  simultaneous
appearance of the elements of acute/chronic
glomerulonephritis & nephrotic syndrome
– Increase cells and casts (RBC,granular, waxy, broad,
fatty), lipid droplets, oval fat bodies

38. • Deposition of renal calculi or kidney stones in the calyces
and pelvis of the kidney, ureters and urinary bladder
• CONDITIONS FAVORING RENAL CALCULI FORMATION:
– pH
– Chemical concentration
– Urinary Stasis
• Primary Urinalysis Finding  HEMATURIA
CaOx
Monohydrate

39. RENAL CALCULI INFORMATION/DESCRIPTION
Calcium oxalate calculi
Major constituent of renal calculi!
Very hard, dark in color with rough surface
Uric acid calculi Asstd with increase intake of foods with high purine
content (buko juice/soft drinks)
Yellowish to brownish red & moderately hard
Cystine calculi Seen in hereditary disorders of cystine metabolism
Yellow brown greasy & resembles old soap, least
common calculi (1-2%)
Phosphate Calculi Pale friable
Magnesium
Ammonium
Phosphate/ Triple
Phosphate/Struvite
calculi
Accompanied by urinary infections involving urea-
splitting bacteria (P. vulgaris)
Staghorn calculi

40. Uric acid calculi
Cystine calculi
Phosphate calculi
Magnesium ammonium
Phosphate calculi

41. RARE CALCULI INFORMATION/DESCRIPTION
SULFONAMIDE CALCULI
SILICA CALCULI Ingestion of silica over a long period of time
TRIAMTERENE CALCULI Insoluble diuretic; mustard-colored stones
ADENINE CALCULI Asstd with inherited enzyme deficiency and
hyperuricemia
XANTHINE CALCULI Asstd with a genetic disorder with an absence of
xanthine oxidase

42. A. Physical Examination (appearance, size/weight)
B. Chemical Examination
1. Pulverize the stone.
2. Ash a small portion over a hot burner.
3. Distribute the remaining pulverized stone into 7 tubes as
follows